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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-1161</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ШКОЛА ГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГОВ, ГЕПАТОЛОГОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NATIONAL COLLEGE OF GASTROENTEROLOGISTS, HEPATOLOGISTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Кишечный микробиом как особый орган</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The intestinal microbiome as a separate organ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шульпекова</surname><given-names>Ю. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shulpekova</surname><given-names>Yu. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шульпекова Юлия Олеговна – доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней лечебного факультета</p><p>Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shulpekova Yulia O – lecturer, chair of internal diseases propedeutics, medical faculty</p><p>119991, Moscow, Pogodinskaya street, 1, bld 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Juliash@mail333.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State educational government-financed institution of higher professional education «Sechenov First Moscow state medical university», Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шульпекова Ю.О., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шульпекова Ю.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shulpekova Y.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1161">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1161</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель обзора. На основании современных публикаций рассмотреть функции, которые выполняют кишечные бактерии как часть организма «хозяина», рассмотреть взаимодействие бактерий с макроорганизмом, напоминающее по характеру межклеточную кооперацию.Основные положения. Кишечный микробиом объединяет порядка 1014 микроорганизмов, более 99% генетического материала микробиома принадлежит бактериям. У здоровых людей выделены три основных энтеротипа (по характеру доминирующих видов). Состав микрофлоры тонкой кишки изучен значительно хуже, чем толстой кишки. Вследствие различия способов забора материала для исследований трудно делать однозначные выводы о роли микрофлоры в патогенезе заболеваний. Анализ последовательного клонирования 16S рибосомальной РНК обладает наибольшей информативностью среди современных методов. Взаимодействие бактерий с организмом «хозяина» напоминает кооперацию обычных клеток и может осуществляться за счет рецепторного контакта, паракринных и гуморальных механизмов, а также благодаря фагоцитозу и эндоцитозу.Микробы продуцируют гормоноподобные вещества, аналоги факторов роста и нейромедиаторов, что определяет двустороннее взаимодействие микрофлоры с центральной нервной системой и ее активную роль в обмене веществ. Микробиом динамично реагирует на изменения во внешней среде, в том числе стрессовые события. Весьма перспективное направление – изучение роли кишечного микробиома в развитии висцеральной гиперчувствительности, регуляции кишечной моторики и чувствительности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>The aim of review</title><p>The aim of review. To discuss functions of intestinal bacteria as a part of the «host» body basing on the present-time publications, to consider interaction of bacteria with macroorganism, which reminds intercellular cooperation by its nature.</p></sec><sec><title>Key points</title><p>Key points. Intestinal microbiome encompasses about 1014 microorganisms, over 99% of microbiome genetic material belong to bacteria. In healthy people three basic enterotypes (according to the type of dominating species) are defined. The pattern of small intestine microflora is studied much poorly, than that of the large intestine. Due to difference in sampling methods it is difficult to draw clear-cut conclusions on microflora role in pathogenesis for scientific investigations. Analysis of sequential cloning of 16S ribosomal RNA possesses the highest information value of all up-to-date methods. Interaction of bacteria with the «host» reminds cooperation of usual cells and can be carried out due to receptor binding, paracrine and humoral pathways, as well as due to phagocytosis and endocytosis. Microbes produce hormone-like substances, analogues of growth factors and neurotransmitters that determine two-way interaction of microflora with the central nervous system and its active metabolic role. The microbiome dynamically reacts to environmental changes, including stress. Studing of intestinal microbiome impact in development of visceral hypersensitivity, regulation of intestinal motility and sensitivity is quite promising trend.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кишечный микробиом</kwd><kwd>сигнальные молекулы</kwd><kwd>висцеральная гиперчувствительность</kwd><kwd>нарушения перистальтики</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intestinal microbiome</kwd><kwd>signal molecules</kwd><kwd>visceral hypersensitivity</kwd><kwd>peristaltic disorders</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Шептулин А.А., Склянская О.А. Синдром диареи. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа 2002:58-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ивашкин В.Т., Шептулин А.А., Склянская О.А. Синдром диареи. 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