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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2025-35-4-27-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-1518</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Факторы риска и канцерогенез колоректального рака</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Risk Factors and Carcinogenesis  of Colorectal Cancer</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-3591</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левшин</surname><given-names>В. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Levshin</surname><given-names>V. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Левшин Владимир Филиппович — доктор медицинских наук, главный научный консультант</p><p>115478, г. Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir F. Levshin — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Chief Scientific Adviser</p><p>115478, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 24</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lev@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>35</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Левшин В.Ф., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Левшин В.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Levshin V.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1518">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1518</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: представить данные о факторах риска и их участии в канцерогенезе колоректального рака.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения. Колоректальный рак (КРР) занимает третье место в структуре заболеваемости злокачественными опухолями в большинстве стран мира, включая Россию. При этом заболеваемость продолжает расти и в мире, и в России, где КРР составляет 12,2 % в общей онкологической заболеваемости. Остановить рост и добиться существенного снижения заболеваемости КРР возможно только на основе определения доказанных причин и факторов риска КРР и внедрения в систему здравоохранения эффективных мер его профилактики. Обзор включает три раздела исследований: распространение КРР в популяциях и динамика показателей заболеваемости; причины и модифицируемые и немодифицируемые факторы риска КРР; механизмы канцерогенеза КРР. Большинство случаев КРР (90–95 %) носит спорадический характер и в значительной степени обусловлено совокупностью модифицируемых факторов риска окружающей среды и образа жизни, таких как определенные характеристики питания, микробиота кишечника, вес, физическая активность, употребление алкоголя, табакокурение, предопухолевые заболевания ободочной и прямой кишки, уровень знаний о причинах злокачественных новообразований и мерах их профилактики. Предполагается, что около 30 % случаев заболеваний КРР в разной степени обусловлено наследственной предрасположенностью или немодифицируемыми факторами риска, но лишь 5 % всех случаев КРР развиваются на фоне известных наследственных синдромов, которые вызваны определенной герминальной мутацией.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Представленные в обзоре данные о доказанных модифицируемых и немодифицируемых факторах риска КРР и механизмах их участия в канцерогенезе злокачественных новообразований толстой или прямой кишки будут способствовать разработке и внедрению в практическое здравоохранение эффективных методов профилактики и снижению заболеваемости КРР.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to present current research data on the epidemiology and carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer.</p></sec><sec><title>Key points</title><p>Key points. Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third in the incidence of malignant tumors in most countries of the world, including Russia. At the same time, the incidence rate continues to grow both globally and in Russia, where CRC accounts for 12.2 % of the total oncological incidence. It is possible to stop the growth and achieve a significant reduction in the incidence of CRC only by identifying proven causes and risk factors for CRC and introducing effective measures for its prevention into the healthcare system. The review includes three sections of research: 1) CRC prevalence in populations and the dynamics of CRC incidence; 2) causes and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of CRC; 3) mechanisms of CRC carcinogenesis. The majority of CRC cases, 90 to 95 %, are sporadic and largely due to a combination of modifiable environmental and lifestyle risk factors, such as certain dietary characteristics, gut microbiota, body weight, physical activity, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, precancerous diseases of the colon and rectum, and the level of knowledge about the causes of CRC and measures to prevent them. It is estimated that approximately 30 % of CRC cases are due to varying degrees of genetic predisposition or non-modifiable risk factors, but only 5 % of all CRC cases develop in the context of known genetic syndromes that are caused by a specific germline mutation.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The information presented in the review on proven modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for CRC and the mechanisms of their participation in CRC carcinogenesis will contribute to the development of effective methods for the prevention of CRC and their implementation in practical health care.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>канцерогенез</kwd><kwd>модифицируемые и немодифицируемые факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>carcinogenesis</kwd><kwd>modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration; Kocarnik J.M., Compton K., Dean F.E., Fu W., Gaw B.L., Harvey J.D., et al. 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