<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-1737</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EDITORIAL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Иммунная система и повреждения печени при хронических гепатитах В и С</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Immune system and damages of liver at chronic hepatites B and C</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивашкин</surname><given-names>В. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivashkin</surname><given-names>V. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ивашкин В.Т., 2009</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1737">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1737</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель обзора. Представить современные сведения о роли адаптивного иммунитета в развитии хронических вирусных повреждений печени и механизмы воздействия вирусов гепатитов В и С (HBV и HCV) на функциональную активность цитотоксических лимфоцитов (CTL).Основные положения. Существует несколько механизмов подавляющего влияния HBV и HCV на звенья иммунного ответа: истощение функциональной активности вирусспецифических CTL в результате персистенции высоких концентраций вирусных антигенов; повышение активности регуляторных Т­клеток; способность HBV к существованию в форме устойчивой внутриклеточной матрицы – ковалентно замкнутой циркулярной ДНК (ccc ДНК); мутации генома HCV, позволяющие «ускользать» от иммунного надзора; прямое действие белков HCV на Т­клетки. Рассматривается также роль активированных тромбоцитов в иммунопатологических реакциях при хроническом вирусном повреждении печени.Заключение. Применение при хронических гепатитах В и С современных схем противовирусной терапии, включающих препараты интерферона, рибавирин и аналоги нуклеотидов/нуклеозидов, не позволяет у значительной части пациентов достичь стойкого подавлении вирусной репликации, что может приводить к персистенции репликации HBV или HCV, активации воспалительно­некротических процессов в печени, клинически проявляющихся обострением гепатита с последующим формированием цирроза печени и гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы. Оценка эффективности противовирусной терапии с помощью динамического определения вирусной нагрузки и других вирусных маркеров дает лишь косвенное представление об активности патологического процесса. Новейшие научные разработки предлагают идею мониторирования показателей иннатного (врожденного) и адаптивного (приобретенного) иммунитета у больных хроническими вирусными гепатитами в процессе противовирусного лечения, а также создание средств, способных поддерживать количественную и функциональную стабильность вирусспецифических Т­-клеток.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>The aim of review</title><p>The aim of review. To present modern data on a role of adaptive immunodefence in development of chronic viral damage of liver and mechanisms of influence of hepatitis viruses B and C (HBV and HCV) on functional activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL).</p></sec><sec><title>Original positions</title><p>Original positions. There are some mechanisms of HBV and HCV suppressing effect on immune response parts: exhaustion of virus-specific CTL functional activity as a result of persistence of high concentrations of viral antigens; elevation of activity of regulatory Т-cells; ability HBV to exist in the form of sustained endocellular template – covalently closed circular DNA (ccc DNA); mutations of genome HCV, allowing «to escape» from immune supervision; direct operation action of HCV proteins on Т-cells. The role of activated platelets in immunopathological reactions is also considered at chronic viral liver damage.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Application at chronic hepatitis B and C of up-to-date algorithms of antiviral therapy including agents like interferon, ribavirin and nucleotides/nucleosides analogues, does not allow to achieve at significant part of patients long-lasting suppression of viral replication that can result in persistence of replication HBV or HCV, activations of inflammatory and necrotic processes in the liver, clinically manifesting as relapse of hepatitis with subsequent development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Evaluation of efficacy of antiviral therapy with the help of dynamic assessment of viral load and other viral markers yields only indirect representation of activity of pathological process. The recent scientific development offer idea of monitoring of parameters of innate (congenital) and adaptive (acquired) immunodefence at patients with chronic viral hepatites at antiviral treatment, and development of drugs, capable to sustain quantitative and functional stability of virus-specific Т-cells.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирусные гепатиты В и С</kwd><kwd>адаптивный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>вирусспецифические цитотоксические лимфоциты.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>viral hepatites B and C</kwd><kwd>adaptive immunodefence</kwd><kwd>virus-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т. Механизмы иммунной толерантности и патологии печени // Рос. журн. гастроэнтерол. гепатол. колопроктол. – 2009. – Т. 19, № 2. – С. 8–13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ивашкин В.Т. Механизмы иммунной толерантности и патологии печени // Рос. журн. гастроэнтерол. гепатол. колопроктол. – 2009. – Т. 19, № 2. – С. 8–13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т. Основные понятия и положения фундаментальной иммунологии // Рос. журн. гастроэнтерол. гепатол. колопроктол. – 2008. – Т. 18, № 4. – С.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ивашкин В.Т. Основные понятия и положения фундаментальной иммунологии // Рос. журн. гастроэнтерол. гепатол. колопроктол. – 2008. – Т. 18, № 4. – С.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartenschlager R. New insights the hepatitis C virus replication cycle. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. – Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartenschlager R. New insights the hepatitis C virus replication cycle. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. – Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertoletti A. Immune pathogenesis of HBV. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. – Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertoletti A. Immune pathogenesis of HBV. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. – Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boni С., Fiscaro P., Valdatta C. et al. Characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) – specific T-cell dysfunction of chronic HBV infection // J. Virol. – 2007. – Vol. 81. – P. 4215–4225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boni С., Fiscaro P., Valdatta C. et al. Characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) – specific T-cell dysfunction of chronic HBV infection // J. Virol. – 2007. – Vol. 81. – P. 4215–4225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunn C., Brunetto M., Reynolds G. et al. Cytokines induced during chronic hepatitis B virus infection promote a pathway for NK all-mediated liver damage // J. Exp. Med. – 2007. – Vol. 204. – P. 667–680.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunn C., Brunetto M., Reynolds G. et al. Cytokines induced during chronic hepatitis B virus infection promote a pathway for NK all-mediated liver damage // J. Exp. Med. – 2007. – Vol. 204. – P. 667–680.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iannacone M., Sitia G., Guidotti L. Platelets promote liver injury induced by virus-specific CTL. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iannacone M., Sitia G., Guidotti L. Platelets promote liver injury induced by virus-specific CTL. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klenerman Р.T. Cell responses in persistent virus infection. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. – Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klenerman Р.T. Cell responses in persistent virus infection. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. – Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lang K.S., Georgiev P., Recher M. et al. Immuno­privileged status of the liver is controlled by Toll-like receptor 3 signalling // J. Clin. Invest. – 2006. – Vol. 116. – P. 2456–2463.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lang K.S., Georgiev P., Recher M. et al. Immuno­privileged status of the liver is controlled by Toll-like receptor 3 signalling // J. Clin. Invest. – 2006. – Vol. 116. – P. 2456–2463.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopes A.R., Kellam P., Das A. et al. Bim-mediated deletion of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in patients unable to control HBV infection // J. Clin. Invest. – 2008. – Vol. 118. – P. 1835–1845.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopes A.R., Kellam P., Das A. et al. Bim-mediated deletion of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in patients unable to control HBV infection // J. Clin. Invest. – 2008. – Vol. 118. – P. 1835–1845.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakamoto N. et al. Functional restoration of HCV-specific CD8 T cells by PD-1 blockade is defined by PD-1 expression and compartmentalization // Gastroenterology. – 2008. – Vol. 134. – P. 1927–1937.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakamoto N. et al. Functional restoration of HCV-specific CD8 T cells by PD-1 blockade is defined by PD-1 expression and compartmentalization // Gastroenterology. – 2008. – Vol. 134. – P. 1927–1937.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Protzer U. Virology of hepatitis B viruses. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. – Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Protzer U. Virology of hepatitis B viruses. Monothematic conference: Immune Mediated Liver Injury. – Hamburg, Germany, December 4–6, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rehermann B., Nascimbeni M. Immunology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection // Nat. Rev. Immunol. – 2005. – Vol. 5. – P. 215–229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rehermann B., Nascimbeni M. Immunology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection // Nat. Rev. Immunol. – 2005. – Vol. 5. – P. 215–229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saito T. et al. Regulation of innate immunity against hepatitis C virus infection // Hepatol. Res. – 2008. – Vol. 38. – P. 115–122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saito T. et al. Regulation of innate immunity against hepatitis C virus infection // Hepatol. Res. – 2008. – Vol. 38. – P. 115–122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urbani S. et al. Outcome of acute hepatitis C is related to virus-specific CD4 function and maturation of antiviral memory CD8 responses // Hepatology. – 2006. – Vol. 44. – P. 126–139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urbani S. et al. Outcome of acute hepatitis C is related to virus-specific CD4 function and maturation of antiviral memory CD8 responses // Hepatology. – 2006. – Vol. 44. – P. 126–139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wieland S.F. et al. Intrahepatic induction of alpha/beta interferon eliminates viral RNA-containing capsids in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice // J. Virol. – 2005. – Vol. 79. – P. 9369–9380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wieland S.F. et al. Intrahepatic induction of alpha/beta interferon eliminates viral RNA-containing capsids in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice // J. Virol. – 2005. – Vol. 79. – P. 9369–9380.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
