<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2025-35-6-42-49</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-1813</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Искусственный интеллект в прогнозировании рисков хирургических вмешательств у пациентов с циррозом печени</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Risks of Surgical Interventions in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-9418</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корочанская</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korochanskaya</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Корочанская Наталья Всеволодовна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры хирургии № 3; руководитель гастроэнтерологического центра</p><p>350087, г. Краснодар, ул. им. Митрофана Седина, 4 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Korochanskaya — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Surgery No. 3; Head of the Gastroenterology Center</p><p>350087, Krasnodar, Mitrofana Sedina str., 4 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nvk-gastro@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7420-0553</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дурлештер</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Durleshter</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дурлештер Владимир Моисеевич — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой хирургии № 3; заместитель главного врача по хирургии</p><p>350087, г. Краснодар, ул. им. Митрофана Седина, 4 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir M. Durleshter — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Surgery No. 3; Deputy Chief Physician for Surgery</p><p>350087, Krasnodar, Mitrofana Sedina str., 4 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">durleshter59@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3286-030X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басенко</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Basenko</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Басенко Михаил Андреевич — ассистент кафедры хирургии № 3; врач-хирург хирургического отделения № 5</p><p>350087, г. Краснодар, ул. им. Митрофана Седина, 4 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mihail A. Basenko — Assistant Professor at the Department of Surgery No. 3; Surgeon, Surgical Department No. 5</p><p>350087, Krasnodar, Mitrofana Sedina str., 4 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mihailbasenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4655-7368</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурашко</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Murashko</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мурашко Дмитрий Сергеевич — кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры хирургии № 3; врач-хирург хирургического отделения № 5</p><p>350087, г. Краснодар, ул. им. Митрофана Седина, 4 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitriy S. Murashko — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor at the Department of Surgery No. 3; Surgeon, Surgical Department No. 5</p><p>350087, Krasnodar, Mitrofana Sedina str., 4 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mulder42@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-3649</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халафян</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalafyan</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Халафян Алексан Альбертович — доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры анализа данных и искусственного интеллекта</p><p>350040, г. Краснодар, ул. Ставропольская, 149 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksan A. Khalafyan — Dr. Sci. (Techn.), Professor of the Department of Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence</p><p>350040, Krasnodar, Stavropolskaya str., 149 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">statlab@kubsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации ; ГБУЗ «Краевая клиническая больница № 2» Министерства здравоохранения Краснодарского края</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kuban State Medical University ; Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2 of the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kuban State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>35</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Корочанская Н.В., Дурлештер В.М., Басенко М.А., Мурашко Д.С., Халафян А.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Корочанская Н.В., Дурлештер В.М., Басенко М.А., Мурашко Д.С., Халафян А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korochanskaya N.V., Durleshter V.M., Basenko M.A., Murashko D.S., Khalafyan A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1813">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1813</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: создать нейросетевую прогностическую модель риска послеоперационных осложнений и летальности у пациентов с циррозом печени, перенесших малоинвазивные хирургические вмешательства.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. У 90 пациентов с циррозом печени выполнены операции, направленные на коррекцию осложнений портальной гипертензии (лигирование варикозно расширенных вен пищевода (n = 57), трансъюгулярное внутрипеченочное портосистемное шунтирование (n = 6)) и хирургическое лечение коморбидной патологии (n = 30). Трем пациентам было выполнено две операции в течение одной госпитализации. Летальность составила 2,2 %, послеоперационные осложнения выявлены у 16 (17,8 %) человек. У всех пациентов рассчитывали и включали в прогностическую модель шкалы, разработанные для пациентов с циррозом печени и приведенные в клинических рекомендациях: шкалу Чайлда — Тюркотта — Пью, модель для оценки терминальной стадии заболеваний печени (индекс MELD), а также шкалы, предложенные для оценки риска хирургических вмешательств у пациентов с циррозом печени (Mayo Postoperative Surgical Risk Score, VOCAL-Penn). С использованием автоматизированных нейронных сетей Data mining пакета Statistica построены комплексные модели прогноза хирургических осложнений и летальности.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Созданы комплексные прогностические модели, включающие оценку клинических, биохимических показателей и параметров качества жизни, обладающие высокой прогностической ценностью, на основе которых предложены два калькулятора для расчета риска послеоперационных осложнений и летального исхода у пациентов с циррозом печени. Для предсказания риска послеоперационных осложнений наиболее значимыми оказались следующие показатели: индексы MELD и Mayo Postoperative Surgical Risk Score, число перенесенных ранее лигирований варикозно расширенных вен пищевода и трансъюгулярных внутрипеченочных портосистемных шунтирований, параметры нутритивного статуса пациентов, курение, данные биохимического и клинического анализов крови, показатели качества жизни пациентов. Для предсказания риска летального исхода прогностическое значение имели: шкалы Чайлда — Тюркотта — Пью, VOCAL-Penn, индекс MELD, параметры базовой функциональной активности и нутритивного статуса пациентов, число этапов лигирования варикозно расширенных вен пищевода, количество выкуриваемых сигарет в сутки и длительность анамнеза курения; данные биохимического и клинического анализов крови.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Интеграция малоинвазивных технологий коррекции осложнений портальной гипертензии и прогностических моделей, созданных на основании машинного обучения, открывает новые возможности в улучшении исходов хирургических вмешательств у пациентов с циррозом печени.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to develop neural network predictive model for the risk of postoperative complications and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing minimally invasive surgical interventions.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Surgical interventions were performed on 90 patients with liver cirrhosis to correct complications of portal hypertension (ligation of esophageal varices (n = 57), transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (n = 6)) and for surgical treatment of comorbid conditions (n = 30). Two operations were performed on three patients during a single hospitalization. Mortality was 2.2 %, and postoperative complications were identified in 16 (17.8 %) individuals. For all patients, internationally recognized scales developed for patients with liver cirrhosis were calculated and included in the predictive model: Child — Turcotte — Pugh, MELD, Mayo Postoperative Surgical Risk Score, and VOCAL-Penn. Using automated neural networks and the Data Mining package in Statistica, comprehensive models for predicting surgical complications and mortality were developed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Comprehensive predictive models were created, incorporating the assessment of clinical, biochemical parameters, and quality of life indicators, which possess high predictive value. Based on these models, two calculators were proposed for calculating the risk of postoperative complications and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The integration of minimally invasive technologies for correcting complications of portal hypertension and predictive models developed through machine learning opens new possibilities for improving the outcomes of surgical interventions in patients with liver cirrhosis.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цирроз печени</kwd><kwd>прогностические модели</kwd><kwd>малоинвазивные хирургические вмешательства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liver cirrhosis</kwd><kwd>predictive models</kwd><kwd>minimally invasive surgical interventions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Клинические рекомендации. Цирроз и фиброз печени. 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Clinical guidelines. Liver cirrhosis and fibrosis. 2023. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang D.Q., Terrault N.A., Tacke F., Gluud L.L., Arrese M., Bugianesi E., et al. Global epidemiology of cirrhosis — aetiology, trends and predictions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20(6):388–98. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00759-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang D.Q., Terrault N.A., Tacke F., Gluud L.L., Arrese M., Bugianesi E., et al. Global epidemiology of cirrhosis — aetiology, trends and predictions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20(6):388–98. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00759-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y.B., Chen M.K. Epidemiology of liver cirrhosis and associated complications: Current knowledge and future directions. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(41):5910–30. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i41.5910</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y.B., Chen M.K. Epidemiology of liver cirrhosis and associated complications: Current knowledge and future directions. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(41):5910–30. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i41.5910</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бакулин И.Г., Оганезова И.А., Скалинская М.И., Сказываева Е.В. Цирроз печени и управление рисками осложнений. Терапевтический архив. 2021;93(8):963–8. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.08.200917</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakulin I.G., Oganezova I.A., Skalinskaya M.I., Skazyvaeva E.V. Liver cirrhosis and complication risk management. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2021;93(8):963–8. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.08.200917</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan D.E., Bosch J., Ripoll C., Thiele M., Fortune B.E., Simonetto D.A., et al. AASLD practice guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2023;79(5):1180–211. DOI: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000647</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan D.E., Bosch J., Ripoll C., Thiele M., Fortune B.E., Simonetto D.A., et al. AASLD practice guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2023;79(5):1180–211. DOI: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000647</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim W.R., Mannalithara A., Heimbach J.K., Kamath P.S., Asrani S.K., Biggins S.W., et al. MELD 3.0: The model for end-stage liver disease updated for the modern era. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(6):1887–95. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim W.R., Mannalithara A., Heimbach J.K., Kamath P.S., Asrani S.K., Biggins S.W., et al. MELD 3.0: The model for end-stage liver disease updated for the modern era. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(6):1887–95. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jadaun S.S., Saigal S. Surgical risk assessment in patients with chronic liver diseases. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022;12(4):1175–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.03.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jadaun S.S., Saigal S. Surgical risk assessment in patients with chronic liver diseases. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022;12(4):1175–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.03.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teh S.H., Nagorney D.M., Stevens S.R., Offord K.P., Therneau T.M., Plevak D.J., et al. Risk factors for mortality after surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(4):1261–9. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teh S.H., Nagorney D.M., Stevens S.R., Offord K.P., Therneau T.M., Plevak D.J., et al. Risk factors for mortality after surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(4):1261–9. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmud N., Fricker Z., Hubbard R.A., Ioannou G.N., Lewis J.D., Taddei T.H., et al. Risk prediction models for post-operative mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2021;73(1):204–18. DOI: 10.1002/hep.31558</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmud N., Fricker Z., Hubbard R.A., Ioannou G.N., Lewis J.D., Taddei T.H., et al. Risk prediction models for post-operative mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2021;73(1):204–18. DOI: 10.1002/hep.31558</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmud N., Fricker Z., Panchal S., Lewis J.D., Goldberg D.S., Kaplan D.E. External validation of the VOCALPenn cirrhosis surgical risk score in 2 large, independent health systems. Liver Transpl. 2021;27(7):961–70. DOI: 10.1002/lt.26060</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmud N., Fricker Z., Panchal S., Lewis J.D., Goldberg D.S., Kaplan D.E. External validation of the VOCALPenn cirrhosis surgical risk score in 2 large, independent health systems. Liver Transpl. 2021;27(7):961–70. DOI: 10.1002/lt.26060</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Canillas L., Pelegrina A., Colominas-González E., Salis A., Enríquez-Rodríguez C.J., Duran X. Comparison of surgical risk scores in a European cohort of patients with advanced chronic liver disease. J Clin Med. 2023;12(18):6100. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186100</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Canillas L., Pelegrina A., Colominas-González E., Salis A., Enríquez-Rodríguez C.J., Duran X. Comparison of surgical risk scores in a European cohort of patients with advanced chronic liver disease. J Clin Med. 2023;12(18):6100. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186100</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang J., Hoffstall S., Gödiker J., Lehmann J., Schwind L., Lingohr P., et al. Surgical site infections are independently associated with the development of postoperative acuteon-chronic liver failure in liver cirrhosis. Liver Transpl. 2023;29(9):928–39. DOI: 10.1097/LVT.0000000000000135</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang J., Hoffstall S., Gödiker J., Lehmann J., Schwind L., Lingohr P., et al. Surgical site infections are independently associated with the development of postoperative acuteon-chronic liver failure in liver cirrhosis. Liver Transpl. 2023;29(9):928–39. DOI: 10.1097/LVT.0000000000000135</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostojic A., Mahmud N., Reddy K.R. Surgical risk stratification in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatol Int. 2024;18(3):876– 91. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-024-10644-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostojic A., Mahmud N., Reddy K.R. Surgical risk stratification in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatol Int. 2024;18(3):876– 91. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-024-10644-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bou Jaoude J., Al Bacha R., Abboud B. Will artificial intelligence reach any limit in gastroenterology? Artif Intell Gastroenterol. 2024;5(2):91336. DOI: 10.35712/aig.v5.i2.91336</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bou Jaoude J., Al Bacha R., Abboud B. Will artificial intelligence reach any limit in gastroenterology? Artif Intell Gastroenterol. 2024;5(2):91336. DOI: 10.35712/aig.v5.i2.91336</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Клинические рекомендации. Старческая астения. 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Clinical guidelines. Senile asthenia. 2021. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Халафян А.А., Темердашев З.А., Абакумов А.Г. Влияние кластерной структуры данных на прогностические свойства нейросетевой модели. Искусственный интеллект и принятие решений. 2025;2:19–31. DOI: 10.14357/20718594250202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalafyan A.A., Temerdashev Z.A., Abakumov A.G. Influence of cluster data structure on neural network model predictive properties. Iskusstvenniy Intellekt i Prinyatie Resheniy. 2025;2:19–31. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.14357/20718594250202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veerankutty F.H., Jayan G., Yadav M.K., Manoj K.S., Yadav A., Nair S.R., et al. Artificial Intelligence in hepatology, liver surgery and transplantation: Emerging applications and frontiers of research. World J Hepatol. 2021;13(12):1977–90. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i12.1977</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veerankutty F.H., Jayan G., Yadav M.K., Manoj K.S., Yadav A., Nair S.R., et al. Artificial Intelligence in hepatology, liver surgery and transplantation: Emerging applications and frontiers of research. World J Hepatol. 2021;13(12):1977–90. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i12.1977</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou X.Q., Huang S., Shi X.M., Liu S., Zhang W., Shi L., et al. Global trends in artificial intelligence applications in liver disease over seventeen years. World J Hepatol. 2025;17(3):101721. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i3.101721</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou X.Q., Huang S., Shi X.M., Liu S., Zhang W., Shi L., et al. Global trends in artificial intelligence applications in liver disease over seventeen years. World J Hepatol. 2025;17(3):101721. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i3.101721</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang G., Li Y., Zhang X., Huang L., Cheng Y., Shen W. Identifying mild hepatic encephalopathy based on multilayer modular algorithm and machine learning. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:627062. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.627062</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang G., Li Y., Zhang X., Huang L., Cheng Y., Shen W. Identifying mild hepatic encephalopathy based on multilayer modular algorithm and machine learning. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:627062. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.627062</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhat M., Rabindranath M., Chara B.S., Simonetto D.A. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2023;78(6):1216–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.01.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhat M., Rabindranath M., Chara B.S., Simonetto D.A. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2023;78(6):1216–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.01.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tandon P., Montano-Loza A.J., Lai J.C., Dasarathy S., Merli M. Sarcopenia and frailty in decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2021;75(Suppl 1):147–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tandon P., Montano-Loza A.J., Lai J.C., Dasarathy S., Merli M. Sarcopenia and frailty in decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2021;75(Suppl 1):147–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lai J.C., Tandon P., Bernal W., Tapper E.B., Ekong U., Dasarathy S., et al. Malnutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis: 2021 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021;74(3):1611–44. DOI: 10.1002/hep.32049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lai J.C., Tandon P., Bernal W., Tapper E.B., Ekong U., Dasarathy S., et al. Malnutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis: 2021 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021;74(3):1611–44. DOI: 10.1002/hep.32049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
