<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2025-35-5-41-48</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-1819</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Актуальные аспекты прогноза, дифференциального  диагноза и спазмолитической терапии при желчнокаменной болезни</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Current Aspects of Prognosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Spasmolytic Therapy in Gallstone Disease</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9980-2294</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цуканов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsukanov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цуканов Владислав Владимирович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий клиническим отделением патологии пищеварительной системы взрослых и детей</p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav V. Tsukanov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Clinical Department of Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children</p><p>660022, Krasnoyarsk, Partizana Zheleznyaka str., 3G</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gastro@impn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-1895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тонких</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tonkikh</surname><given-names>Ju. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тонких Юлия Леонгардовна — кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник клинического отделения патологии пищеварительной системы взрослых и детей</p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Julia L. Tonkikh — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Researcher at the Clinical Department of Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children</p><p>660022, Krasnoyarsk, Partizana Zheleznyaka str., 3G</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tjulia@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6481-3196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васютин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasyutin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васютин Александр Викторович — кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник клинического отделения патологии   пищеварительной   системы   взрослых и детей</p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Vasyutin — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher at the Clinical Department of Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children</p><p>660022, Krasnoyarsk, Partizana Zheleznyaka str., 3G</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexander_vasyutin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера — обособленное подразделение ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр “Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук”»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North — Affiliated Branch of the Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>35</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Цуканов В.В., Тонких Ю.Л., Васютин А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Цуканов В.В., Тонких Ю.Л., Васютин А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsukanov V.V., Tonkikh J.L., Vasyutin A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1819">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1819</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: проанализировать актуальные аспекты прогноза, дифференциального диагноза и спазмолитической терапии при желчнокаменной болезни.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения. Распространенность желчнокаменной болезни в Российской Федерации остается достаточно высокой. Холелитиаз ассоциирован с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями и с высоким риском онкологических заболеваний, в том числе рака желудка, печени, почек и рака желчного пузыря. Ряд исследований подчеркивает ассоциацию наличия и размеров полипов в желчном пузыре с раком желчного пузыря. Современная парадигма билиарной патологии постулирует, что сочетанное действие полиморфизма Lith-генов, нарушений моторики, хронического воспаления и метаболических факторов инициируют холелитогенез, в свою очередь, стимулирующий развитие хронического холецистита, что способно приводить к канцерогенезу в желчном пузыре. Абдоминальная боль с преимущественной локализацией в правом подреберье служит ведущим проявлением дискинезии желчевыводящих путей, хронического холецистита и холелитиаза. Для купирования билиарной боли целесообразно назначение спазмолитиков. В клинических исследованиях было показано, что применение селективного спазмолитика мебеверина у больных с заболеваниями желчевыводящих путей эффективно купирует боль в правом подреберье, улучшает функциональное состояние билиарного тракта и, опосредованно, приводит к элиминации билиарного сладжа.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Желчнокаменная болезнь служит ключевой нозологической формой билиарного континуума, с последовательным развитием патогенетически связанных заболеваний билиарного тракта. Лечение заболеваний билиарной системы должно быть направлено на купирование билиарной боли, восстановление моторики желчевыводящих путей и нормализацию физико-химических свойств желчи.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to analyze current aspects of prognosis, differential diagnosis, and spasmolytic therapy in gallstone disease.</p></sec><sec><title>Key points</title><p>Key points. The prevalence of gallstone disease in the Russian Federation remains considerably high. Cholelithiasis is associated with cardiovascular disorders and an increased risk of malignancies, including gastric, hepatic, renal, and gallbladder cancer. Several studies emphasize the correlation between the presence and size of gallbladder polyps and the development of gallbladder carcinoma. The current paradigm of biliary pathology postulates that the combined influence of Lith gene polymorphisms, motility disorders, chronic inflammation, and metabolic factors initiates lithogenesis, which in turn promotes chronic cholecystitis and may contribute to gallbladder carcinogenesis. Abdominal pain predominantly localized in the right upper quadrant is the leading clinical manifestation of biliary dyskinesia, chronic cholecystitis, and cholelithiasis. Spasmolytic therapy is considered appropriate for the relief of biliary pain. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the use of the selective spasmolytic agent mebeverine in patients with biliary tract disorders effectively alleviates right upper quadrant pain, improves functional status of the biliary tract, and indirectly facilitates the elimination of biliary sludge.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Gallstone disease represents a key nosological entity within the biliary continuum, characterized by the sequential development of pathogenetically related disorders of the biliary tract. Management of biliary system disorders should focus on relieving biliary pain, restoring motility of the biliary tract, and normalizing the physico-chemical properties of bile.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>холелитиаз</kwd><kwd>желчнокаменная болезнь</kwd><kwd>полипы желчного пузыря</kwd><kwd>рак желчного пузыря</kwd><kwd>спазмолитики</kwd><kwd>мебеверин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cholelithiasis</kwd><kwd>gallstone disease</kwd><kwd>gallbladder polyps</kwd><kwd>gallbladder cancer</kwd><kwd>spasmolytics</kwd><kwd>mebeverine</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krupa Ł., Portincasa P., Lammert F., Krawczyk M. Gallstones in the 21st century. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2025;135(1):16937. DOI: 10.20452/pamw.16937</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krupa Ł., Portincasa P., Lammert F., Krawczyk M. Gallstones in the 21st century. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2025;135(1):16937. DOI: 10.20452/pamw.16937</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng Y., Xu M., Heianza Y., Ma W., Wang T., Sun D., et al. Gallstone disease and increased risk of mortality: Two large prospective studies in US men and women. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33(11):1925–31. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14264</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng Y., Xu M., Heianza Y., Ma W., Wang T., Sun D., et al. Gallstone disease and increased risk of mortality: Two large prospective studies in US men and women. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33(11):1925–31. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14264</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu Y., Shen L., Huo Y., Wan Q., Qin Y., Hu R., et al. Gallstones, cholecystectomy, and cancer risk: An observational and Mendelian randomization study. Front Med. 2025;19(1):79–89. DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1111-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu Y., Shen L., Huo Y., Wan Q., Qin Y., Hu R., et al. Gallstones, cholecystectomy, and cancer risk: An observational and Mendelian randomization study. Front Med. 2025;19(1):79–89. DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1111-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu W., Zhou J., Luo J., Xia J., Li S., Xie L., et al. The associations between gallstone disease and pan-cancer incidence risk based on over 13 million participants. Cancer Med. 2025;14(9):e70857. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.70857</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu W., Zhou J., Luo J., Xia J., Li S., Xie L., et al. The associations between gallstone disease and pan-cancer incidence risk based on over 13 million participants. Cancer Med. 2025;14(9):e70857. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.70857</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nassar Y., Richter S. Management of complicated gallstones in the elderly: Comparing surgical and non-surgical treatment options. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2019;7(3):205–11. DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goy046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nassar Y., Richter S. Management of complicated gallstones in the elderly: Comparing surgical and non-surgical treatment options. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2019;7(3):205–11. DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goy046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mencarini L., Vestito A., Zagari R.M., Montagnani M. The diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis: A comprehensive narrative review for a practical approach. J Clin Med. 2024;13(9):2695. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092695</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mencarini L., Vestito A., Zagari R.M., Montagnani M. The diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis: A comprehensive narrative review for a practical approach. J Clin Med. 2024;13(9):2695. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092695</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pesce A., Ramírez-Giraldo C., Arkoudis N.A., Ramsay G., Popivanov G., Gurusamy K., et al. Management of high-surgical-risk patients with acute cholecystitis following percutaneous cholecystostomy: Results of an international Delphi consensus study. Int J Surg. 2025;111(5):3185– 92. DOI: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000002325</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pesce A., Ramírez-Giraldo C., Arkoudis N.A., Ramsay G., Popivanov G., Gurusamy K., et al. Management of high-surgical-risk patients with acute cholecystitis following percutaneous cholecystostomy: Results of an international Delphi consensus study. Int J Surg. 2025;111(5):3185– 92. DOI: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000002325</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016;65(1):146–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.03.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016;65(1):146–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.03.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lammert F. Gallstones: The thing in itself. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2022;20(Suppl 1):57–72. DOI: 10.1002/cld.1269</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lammert F. Gallstones: The thing in itself. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2022;20(Suppl 1):57–72. DOI: 10.1002/cld.1269</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Yu W., Jiang G., Li H., Li S., Xie L., et al. Global epidemiology of gallstones in the 21st century: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;22(8):1586–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.01.051</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Yu W., Jiang G., Li H., Li S., Xie L., et al. Global epidemiology of gallstones in the 21st century: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;22(8):1586–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.01.051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цуканов В.В. Распространенность и структура заболеваний желчевыводящих путей у сельского населения северных регионов Сибири. Терапевтический архив. 1997;69(2):30–2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsukanov V.V. The prevalence and structure of biliary tract diseases in the rural population of northern regions of Siberia. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 1997;69(2):30–2. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тонких Ю.Л., Цуканов В.В., Бронникова Е.П., Штыгашева О.В. Распространенность и факторы риска заболеваний желчевыводящих путей у коренных и пришлых жителей Хакасии. Сибирский медицинский журнал (Иркутск). 2013;118(3):89–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tonkikh Yu.L., Tsukanov V.V., Bronnikova E.P., Shtygasheva O.V. Prevalence and risk factors of biliary tract diseases in native and alien residents of Khakassia. Sibirskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal (Irkutsk). 2013;118(3):89–91. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тонких Ю.Л., Бронникова Е.П., Цуканов В.В. Распространенность и факторы риска заболеваний желчевыводящих путей у коренных жителей Тывы. Здравоохранение Российской Федерации. 2014;58(5):42–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tonkikh Yu.L., Bronnikova E.P., Tsukanov V.V. Prevalence and risk factors of biliary tract diseases in the aborigines of Tuva. Zdravookhraneniye Rossiyskoy Federatsii. 2014;58(5):42–5. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Bai S.J. Cardiometabolic index as a predictor of gallstone incidence in U.S. adults: Insights from NHANES 2017–2020. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025;25(1):45. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-025-03642-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Bai S.J. Cardiometabolic index as a predictor of gallstone incidence in U.S. adults: Insights from NHANES 2017–2020. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025;25(1):45. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-025-03642-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasan R., Allahbakhshi F., Shlyk A.D., Allahbakhshi K. Gallstones as a predictor of elevated cardiovascular disease risk: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of over 7.4 million participants. PLoS One. 2025;20(3):e0314661. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314661</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hasan R., Allahbakhshi F., Shlyk A.D., Allahbakhshi K. Gallstones as a predictor of elevated cardiovascular disease risk: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of over 7.4 million participants. PLoS One. 2025;20(3):e0314661. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314661</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahimi R., Heidari-Soureshjani S., Sherwin C.M., Kasiri K., Rahimian G. The association between gallstone disease and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2025;20(2):142–52. DOI: 10.2174/0115748871326450240926072451</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahimi R., Heidari-Soureshjani S., Sherwin C.M., Kasiri K., Rahimian G. The association between gallstone disease and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2025;20(2):142–52. DOI: 10.2174/0115748871326450240926072451</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang D., Joo H., Song N., Cho S., Kim W., Shin A. Association between gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021011. DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2021011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang D., Joo H., Song N., Cho S., Kim W., Shin A. Association between gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021011. DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2021011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kellil T., Chaouch M.A., Aloui E., Tormane M.A., Taieb S.K., Noomen F., et al. Incidence and preoperative predictor factors of gallbladder cancer before laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A systematic review. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2021;52(1):68–72. DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00524-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kellil T., Chaouch M.A., Aloui E., Tormane M.A., Taieb S.K., Noomen F., et al. Incidence and preoperative predictor factors of gallbladder cancer before laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A systematic review. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2021;52(1):68–72. DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00524-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riddell Z.C., Corallo C., Albazaz R., Foley K.G. Gallbladder polyps and adenomyomatosis. Br J Radiol. 2023;96(1142):20220115. DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20220115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riddell Z.C., Corallo C., Albazaz R., Foley K.G. Gallbladder polyps and adenomyomatosis. Br J Radiol. 2023;96(1142):20220115. DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20220115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pavlidis E.T., Galanis I.N., Pavlidis T.E. New trends in diagnosis and management of gallbladder carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2024;16(1):13–29. DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i1.13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlidis E.T., Galanis I.N., Pavlidis T.E. New trends in diagnosis and management of gallbladder carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2024;16(1):13–29. DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i1.13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bray F., Ferlay J., Laversanne M., Brewster D.H., Gombe Mbalawa C., Kohler B., et al. Cancer incidence in five continents: Inclusion criteria, highlights from Volume X and the global status of cancer registration. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(9):2060–71. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29670</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bray F., Ferlay J., Laversanne M., Brewster D.H., Gombe Mbalawa C., Kohler B., et al. Cancer incidence in five continents: Inclusion criteria, highlights from Volume X and the global status of cancer registration. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(9):2060–71. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29670</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathur P., Sathishkumar K., Chaturvedi M., Das P., Sudarshan K.L., Santhappan S., et al. Cancer statistics, 2020: Report from National Cancer Registry Programme, India. JCO Glob Oncol. 2020;6:1063–75. DOI: 10.1200/GO.20.00122</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathur P., Sathishkumar K., Chaturvedi M., Das P., Sudarshan K.L., Santhappan S., et al. Cancer statistics, 2020: Report from National Cancer Registry Programme, India. JCO Glob Oncol. 2020;6:1063–75. DOI: 10.1200/GO.20.00122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Randi G., Franceschi S., La Vecchia C. Gallbladder cancer worldwide: Geographical distribution and risk factors. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(7):1591–602. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21683</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Randi G., Franceschi S., La Vecchia C. Gallbladder cancer worldwide: Geographical distribution and risk factors. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(7):1591–602. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21683</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смелов П.А., Глотко О.Л., Иванова А.М., Игнатова Н.В., Мельникова Т.А., Никитина С.Ю. и др. Женщины и мужчины России. 2020: Статистический сборник. М., 2020. URL: https://youthlib.mirea.ru/ru/reader/1358</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smelov P.A., Glotko O.L., Ivanova A.M., Ignatova N.V., Melnikova T.A., Nikitina S.Yu., et al. Women and men of Russia. 2020: Statistical collection. Moscow, 2020. (In Russ.). URL: https://youthlib.mirea.ru/ru/reader/1358</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Admirand W.H., Small D.M. The physicochemical basis of cholesterol gallstone formation in man. J Clin Invest. 1968;47(5):1043–52. DOI: 10.1172/JCI105794</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Admirand W.H., Small D.M. The physicochemical basis of cholesterol gallstone formation in man. J Clin Invest. 1968;47(5):1043–52. DOI: 10.1172/JCI105794</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carey M.C. Pathogenesis of gallstones. Am J Surg. 1993;165(4):410–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80932-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carey M.C. Pathogenesis of gallstones. Am J Surg. 1993;165(4):410–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80932-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsika D., Grjibovski A., Einarsson C., Lammert F., Lichtenstein P., Marschall H.U. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: A Swedish study of 43,141 twin pairs. Hepatology. 2005;41(5):1138– 43. DOI: 10.1002/hep.20654</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsika D., Grjibovski A., Einarsson C., Lammert F., Lichtenstein P., Marschall H.U. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: A Swedish study of 43,141 twin pairs. Hepatology. 2005;41(5):1138– 43. DOI: 10.1002/hep.20654</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lammert F., Wang D.Q. New insights into the genetic regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(2):718–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.gastro.2004.11.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lammert F., Wang D.Q. New insights into the genetic regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(2):718–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.gastro.2004.11.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мансуров Х.Х. О ведущих механизмах развития и прогрессирования холестеринового холелитиаза. Клиническая медицина. 1991;69(9):17–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mansurov Kh.Kh. Underlying mechanisms in the development and progression of cholesterol cholelithiasis. Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal). 1991;69(9):17–21. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meacci D., Bruni A., Cocquio A., Dell'Anna G., Mandarino F.V., Marasco G., et al. Microbial landscapes of the gut-biliary axis: Implications for benign and malignant biliary tract diseases. Microorganisms. 2025;13(9):1980. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13091980</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meacci D., Bruni A., Cocquio A., Dell'Anna G., Mandarino F.V., Marasco G., et al. Microbial landscapes of the gut-biliary axis: Implications for benign and malignant biliary tract diseases. Microorganisms. 2025;13(9):1980. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13091980</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang H., Gong J., Chen J., Zhang W., Sun Y., Sun D. Intestinal microbiota and biliary system diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1362933. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1362933</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang H., Gong J., Chen J., Zhang W., Sun Y., Sun D. Intestinal microbiota and biliary system diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1362933. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1362933</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song S.T., Cai L.Y., Zeng X., Xie W.F. Gut microbial profile in asymptomatic gallstones. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:882265. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.882265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song S.T., Cai L.Y., Zeng X., Xie W.F. Gut microbial profile in asymptomatic gallstones. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:882265. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.882265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu H., Shao W., Liu Q., Liu N., Wang Q., Xu J., et al. Gut microbiota promotes cholesterol gallstone formation by modulating bile acid composition and biliary cholesterol secretion. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):252. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27758-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu H., Shao W., Liu Q., Liu N., Wang Q., Xu J., et al. Gut microbiota promotes cholesterol gallstone formation by modulating bile acid composition and biliary cholesterol secretion. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):252. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27758-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Маев И.В., Шульпекова Ю.О., Баранская Е.К., Охлобыстин А.В., Трухманов А.С. и др. Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по диагностике и лечению дискинезии желчевыводящих путей. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2018;28(3):63–80. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2018-28-3-63-80</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Mayev I.V., Shulpekova Yu.O., Baranskaya Ye.K., Okhlobystin A.V., Trukhmanov A.S., et al. Diagnostics and treatment of biliary dyskinesia: Clinical guidelines of the Russian Gastroenterological Association. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2018;28(3):63–80. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2018-28-3-63-80</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Общероссийская общественная организация «Российское общество хирургов», Российская гастроэнтерологическая ассоциация, Ассоциация «Эндоскопическое общество “РЭндО”». Желчнокаменная болезнь. Клинические рекомендации. 2024. URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/877_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">All-Russian Public Organization “Russian Society of Surgeons”, Russian Gastroenterological Association, Association “Endoscopic Society “REnDO”. Gallstone disease. Clinical guidelines. 2024. (In Russ.). URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/877_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Общероссийская общественная организация «Российское общество хирургов», Российская гастроэнтерологическая ассоциация. Холецистит. Клинические рекомендации. 2024. URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/819_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">All-Russian public organization “Russian Society of Surgeons”, Russian Gastroenterological Association. Cholecystitis. Clinical guidelines. 2024. (In Russ.). URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/819_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cotton P.B., Elta G.H., Carter C.R., Pasricha P.J., Corazziari E.S. Rome IV. Gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016:S0016- 5085(16)00224-9. Online ahead of print. DOI: 10.1053/jgastro.2016.02.033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cotton P.B., Elta G.H., Carter C.R., Pasricha P.J., Corazziari E.S. Rome IV. Gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016:S0016- 5085(16)00224-9. Online ahead of print. DOI: 10.1053/jgastro.2016.02.033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шульпекова Ю.О., Попова И.Р., Нечаев В.М. Функциональные заболевания желчевыводящих путей и желчнокаменная болезнь: анализ возможной взаимосвязи. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2024;34(4):94–103. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2024-34-4-94-103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shulpekova Yu.O., Popova I.R., Nechaev V.M. Functional disorders of the biliary tract and cholelithiasis: Analysis of a possible relationship. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2024;34(4):94–103. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2024-34-4-94-103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang S.S., Lin K.W., Liu K.L., Wu Y.M., Lien W.C., Wang H.P. Diagnostic performance of ultrasound in acute cholecystitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Emerg Surg. 2023;18(1):54. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-023-00524-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang S.S., Lin K.W., Liu K.L., Wu Y.M., Lien W.C., Wang H.P. Diagnostic performance of ultrasound in acute cholecystitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Emerg Surg. 2023;18(1):54. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-023-00524-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagino M., Hirano S., Yoshitomi H., Aoki T., Uesaka K., Unno M., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract cancers 2019: The 3rd English edition. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2021;28(1):26–54. DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.870</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagino M., Hirano S., Yoshitomi H., Aoki T., Uesaka K., Unno M., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract cancers 2019: The 3rd English edition. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2021;28(1):26–54. DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.870</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foley K.G., Lahaye M.J., Thoeni R.F., Soltes M., Dewhurst C., Barbu S.T., et al. Management and follow-up of gallbladder polyps: Updated joint guidelines between the ESGAR, EAES, EFISDS and ESGE. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(5):3358–68. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08384-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foley K.G., Lahaye M.J., Thoeni R.F., Soltes M., Dewhurst C., Barbu S.T., et al. Management and follow-up of gallbladder polyps: Updated joint guidelines between the ESGAR, EAES, EFISDS and ESGE. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(5):3358–68. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08384-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильченко А.А., Селезнева Э.Я. Дюспаталин (мебеверин) в купировании болей при желчнокаменной болезни. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2002;(3):2–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilchenko A.A., Selezneva E.Ya. Duspatalin (mebeverine) in the relief of pain in cholelithiasis. Eksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya. 2002;(3):2–3. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильченко А.А., Делюкина О.В. Значение билиарных дисфункций в патогенезе желчнокаменной болезни. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2011;7:70–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilchenko A.A., Delyukina O.V. The importance of biliary dysfunctions in the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis. Eksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya. 2011;7:70–8. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трусов В.В., Зорина В.А. Экспертная оценка эффективности дюспаталина в лечении абдоминальной боли при билиарной патологии. Проблемы экспертизы в медицине. 2006;6(2(22)):45–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trusov V.V., Zorina V.A. Expert evaluation of the effectiveness of duspatalin in the treatment of abdominal pain in biliary pathology. Problems of expertise in medicine. 2006;6(2(22)):45–7. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маев И.В., Кучерявый Ю.А., Цуканов В.В., Еремина Е.Ю., Андреев Д.Н., Абдулхаков С.Р. и др. Результаты проспективной наблюдательной программы «Одиссей»: эффективность мебеверина у пациентов с постхолецистэктомическими спазмами. Терапевтический архив. 2018;90(8):40–7. DOI: 10.26442/terarkh201890840-47</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maev I.V., Kucheravy Yu.A., Tsukanov V.V., Eremnia E.Yu., Andreev D.N., Abdulhakov S.R., et al. Effectiveness of mebeverine in patients with post-cholecystectomy gastrointestinal spasm: Results of prospective observational program “Odyssey”. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2018;90(8):40–7. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.26442/terarkh201890840-47</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маев И.В., Бордин Д.С., Бакулин И.Г, Абдулхаков С.Р., Андреев Д.Н., Ахмедов В.А. и др. Резолюция совета экспертов «Билиарный континуум: актуальный взгляд на заболевания желчевыводящих путей». Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2022;18(42):86–9. DOI: 10.33978/2307-3586-2022-18-42-86-89</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maev I.V., Bordin D.S., Bakulin I.G., Abdulkhakov S.R., Andreev D.N., Akhmedov V.A., et al. Medical council resolution — “The Biliary Continuum: An Up-To-Date Look at Biliary Tract Diseases”. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. 2022;18(42):86–9. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.33978/2307-3586-2022-18-42-86-89</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
