<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2026-36-1-16-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-1833</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Растворимый CD206 в асцитической жидкости и уровень интерлейкина-4 в сыворотке крови могут прогнозировать смертность при острой декомпенсированной и острой на фоне хронической печеночной недостаточности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ascetic Soluble CD206 and Serum Interleukin-4 Can Predict Mortality in Acute Decompensated and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8599-1338</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лашен</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lashen</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Самих А. Лашен — доцент кафедры внутренних болезней медицинского факультета</p><p>21521, Александрия, ул. Шампольон, пл. Эль-Хартум, медицинский кампус Азарита</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sameh A. Lashen — MD, Assistant Professor at the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine</p><p>21521, Alexandria, Champollion str., El-Khartoum Square, Azarita Medical Campus</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sameh.lashen@alexmed.edu.eg</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8383-4136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салем</surname><given-names>П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salem</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Перихан Салем — профессор кафедры внутренних болезней медицинского факультета</p><p>21521, Александрия, ул. Шампольон, пл. Эль-Хартум, медицинский кампус Азарита</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Perihan Salem — MD, Professor at the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine</p><p>21521, Alexandria, Champollion str., El-Khartoum Square, Azarita Medical Campus</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">drperihansalem@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8743-7076</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагим</surname><given-names>Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibrahim</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эсраа Ибрагим — специалист кафедры внутренних болезней медицинского факультета</p><p>21521, Александрия, ул. Шампольон, пл. Эль-Хартум, медицинский кампус Азарита</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Esraa Ibrahim — M. Sc., Specialist at the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine</p><p>21521, Alexandria, Champollion str., El-Khartoum Square, Azarita Medical Campus</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Esraa.I.Masoud@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7069-0022</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абд Эльмоати</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abd Elmoaty</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Далия Абд Эльмоати — профессор кафедры клинической и химической патологии медицинского факультета</p><p>21521, Александрия, ул. Шампольон, пл. Эль-Хартум, медицинский кампус Азарита</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dalia Abd Elmoaty — MD, Professor at the Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine</p><p>21521, Alexandria, Champollion str., El-Khartoum Square, Azarita Medical Campus</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">daliaelneely@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2617-4567</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юсиф</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yousif</surname><given-names>W. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валид И. Юсиф* — кандидат медицинских наук, преподаватель кафедры внутренних болезней медицинского факультета</p><p>21521, Александрия, ул. Шампольон, пл. Эль-Хартум, медицинский кампус Азарита</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Walid I. Yousif — MD, PhD, Lecturer at the Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine</p><p>21521, Alexandria, Champollion str., El-Khartoum Square, Azarita Medical Campus</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">docwalido@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Александрийский университет</institution><country>Египет</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Alexandria University</institution><country>Egypt</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>36</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лашен С.А., Салем П., Ибрагим Э., Абд Эльмоати Д., Юсиф В.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лашен С.А., Салем П., Ибрагим Э., Абд Эльмоати Д., Юсиф В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lashen S.A., Salem P., ibrahim E., Abd Elmoaty D., Yousif W.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1833">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/1833</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Острая на фоне хронической печеночная недостаточность (ОХПН) представляет собой наиболее тяжелую форму острой декомпенсации цирроза печени, характеризующуюся интенсивным системным воспалением и дисфункцией иммунной системы. Известно, что интерлейкин-4 (IL-4) поляризует макрофаги в сторону М2-фенотипа. Рецептор CD206 позволяет идентифицировать воспалительные перитонеальные макрофаги у пациентов с циррозом и может быть связан с прогнозом при ОХПН. Мы изучили прогностическую ценность сывороточного IL-4 и уровня растворимого CD206 (sCD206) в асцитической жидкости у пациентов с острой декомпенсацией и ОХПН, а также их связь с развитием осложнений и ранней летальностью.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование были включены 60 пациентов с ОХПН и острой декомпенсацией, а также 30 пациентов с циррозом печени в качестве контрольной группы. Были собраны клинические данные, наблюдение за выживаемостью проводилось в течение 1 и 3 месяцев. При поступлении были проанализированы образцы крови для оценки функции печени и почек, а также определены уровни сывороточного IL-4 и CD206, растворимого в асцитической жидкости. Оценена корреляция с показателями функции печени и прогнозом.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Уровни IL-4 и CD206 были достоверно выше у пациентов с острой декомпенсацией и ОХПН по сравнению с контрольной группой и положительно коррелировали друг с другом, а также со шкалами Чайлда — Пью, MELD-Na и степени тяжести ОХПН. Многофакторный регрессионный анализ показал, что исходный балл по шкале Чайлда — Пью, уровень асцитического sCD206 и сывороточного IL-4 являются единственными независимыми предикторами летальности в течение как одного, так и трех месяцев.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Сывороточный IL-4 и асцитический sCD206 (маркеры макрофагов) могут прогнозировать раннюю летальность при острой декомпенсации и ОХПН. Включение этих маркеров в традиционные шкалы оценки заболеваний печени может повысить их прогностическую эффективность</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is the most severe form of acute decompensation with intense systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction. IL-4 polarizes macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. CD206 can identify inflammatory peritoneal macrophages in cirrhotic patients and could be linked to prognosis in ACLF. We investigated the predictive value of serum IL-4 and ascitic soluble CD206 in patients with acute decompensation and ACLF and their relation to morbidity and early mortality.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. We included 60 patients with ACLF and acute decompensation as well as 30 cirrhotic controls. Clinical data were collected, and survival was followed for 1 and 3 months. Blood samples were analyzed at admission for liver and renal function tests as well as serum IL-4 and ascitic soluble CD206 levels. Correlation with liver function indicators and prognosis was assessed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. IL-4 and CD206 were significantly higher in acute decompensation and ACLF patients compared to control and were positively correlated with each other’s Child — Pugh score, MELD-Na, and ACLF severity scores. Multivariate regression showed that baseline Child — Pugh score, ascitic soluble CD206, and serum IL-4 level are the only independent predictors of 1-month as well as 3-month mortality.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Serum IL-4 and ascitic soluble CD206 (macrophage markers) could predict early mortality in acute decompensation and ACLF. Incorporation of these markers into the traditional liver disease scores can improve their prognostic/predictive performance.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цирроз печени</kwd><kwd>CD206</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин-4</kwd><kwd>острая декомпенсация</kwd><kwd>острая на фоне хронической печеночная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>ОХПН</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Liver cirrhosis</kwd><kwd>CD206</kwd><kwd>Interleukin-4</kwd><kwd>Acute decompensation</kwd><kwd>Acute on chronic liver failure</kwd><kwd>ACLF</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schierwagen R., Gu W., Brieger A., Brüne B., Ciesek S., Đikić I., et al. Pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches of acute-to-chronic liver failure. Am J Physiol Physiol. 2023;325(1):C129–40. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00101.2023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schierwagen R., Gu W., Brieger A., Brüne B., Ciesek S., Đikić I., et al. Pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches of acute-to-chronic liver failure. Am J Physiol Physiol. 2023;325(1):C129–40. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00101.2023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong F. Innovative approaches to the management of ascites in cirrhosis. JHEP Rep. 2023;5(7):100749. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100749</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong F. Innovative approaches to the management of ascites in cirrhosis. JHEP Rep. 2023;5(7):100749. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100749</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wen Y., Lambrecht J., Ju C., Tacke F. Hepatic macrophages in liver homeostasis and diseases-diversity, plasticity and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(1):45–56. DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00558-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wen Y., Lambrecht J., Ju C., Tacke F. Hepatic macrophages in liver homeostasis and diseases-diversity, plasticity and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(1):45–56. DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00558-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C., Ma C., Gong L., Guo Y., Fu K., Zhang Y., et al. Macrophage polarization and its role in liver disease. Front Immunol. 2021;12:803037. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang C., Ma C., Gong L., Guo Y., Fu K., Zhang Y., et al. Macrophage polarization and its role in liver disease. Front Immunol. 2021;12:803037. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stengel S., Quickert S., Lutz P., Ibidapo-Obe O., Steube A., Köse-Vogel N., et al. Peritoneal level of CD206 associates with mortality and an inflammatory macrophage phenotype in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1745– 61. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stengel S., Quickert S., Lutz P., Ibidapo-Obe O., Steube A., Köse-Vogel N., et al. Peritoneal level of CD206 associates with mortality and an inflammatory macrophage phenotype in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1745– 61. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lynch R., Hawley C., Bain C., Jenkins S. Role of exogenous interleukin 4 in the dynamics of acute liver injury. Lancet. 2017;389(Suppl 1):S64. DOI: 10.1016/S01406736(17)30460-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lynch R., Hawley C., Bain C., Jenkins S. Role of exogenous interleukin 4 in the dynamics of acute liver injury. Lancet. 2017;389(Suppl 1):S64. DOI: 10.1016/S01406736(17)30460-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsuchiya K., Suzuki Y., Yoshimura K., Yasui H., Karayama M., Hozumi H., et al. Author correction: Macrophage mannose receptor CD206 predicts prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsuchiya K., Suzuki Y., Yoshimura K., Yasui H., Karayama M., Hozumi H., et al. Author correction: Macrophage mannose receptor CD206 predicts prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nielsen M.C., Hvidbjerg Gantzel R., Clària J., Trebicka J., Møller H.J., Grønbæk H. Macrophage activation markers, CD163 and CD206, in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Cells. 2020;9(5):1175. DOI: 10.3390/cells9051175</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nielsen M.C., Hvidbjerg Gantzel R., Clària J., Trebicka J., Møller H.J., Grønbæk H. Macrophage activation markers, CD163 and CD206, in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Cells. 2020;9(5):1175. DOI: 10.3390/cells9051175</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ossen L., Vesterhus M., Hov J.R., Färkkilä M., Rosenberg W.M., Møller H.J., et al. Circulating macrophage activation markers predict transplant-free survival in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2021;12(3):e00315. DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000315</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ossen L., Vesterhus M., Hov J.R., Färkkilä M., Rosenberg W.M., Møller H.J., et al. Circulating macrophage activation markers predict transplant-free survival in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2021;12(3):e00315. DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000315</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Ray A., Fouad R., ElMakhzangy H., El Beshlawy M., Moreau R., Sherbiny M. Characterizing a cohort of Egyptian patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;33(7):1023–8. DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000002165</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Ray A., Fouad R., ElMakhzangy H., El Beshlawy M., Moreau R., Sherbiny M. Characterizing a cohort of Egyptian patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;33(7):1023–8. DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000002165</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaccherini G., Weiss E., Moreau R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Definitions, pathophysiology and principles of treatment. JHEP Rep. 2020;3(1):100176. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100176</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaccherini G., Weiss E., Moreau R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Definitions, pathophysiology and principles of treatment. JHEP Rep. 2020;3(1):100176. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100176</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rashed E., Soldera J. CLIF-SOFA and CLIF-C scores for the prognostication of acute-on-chronic liver failure and acute decompensation of cirrhosis: A systematic review. World J Hepatol. 2022;14(12):2025–43. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i12.2025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashed E., Soldera J. CLIF-SOFA and CLIF-C scores for the prognostication of acute-on-chronic liver failure and acute decompensation of cirrhosis: A systematic review. World J Hepatol. 2022;14(12):2025–43. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i12.2025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin-Mateos R., Alvarez-Mon M., Albillos A. Dysfunctional immune response in acute-on-chronic liver failure: It takes two to tango. Front Immunol. 2019;10:973. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00973</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin-Mateos R., Alvarez-Mon M., Albillos A. Dysfunctional immune response in acute-on-chronic liver failure: It takes two to tango. Front Immunol. 2019;10:973. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00973</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen S., Saeed A.F.U.H., Liu Q., Jiang Q., Xu H., Xiao G.G., et al. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):207. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen S., Saeed A.F.U.H., Liu Q., Jiang Q., Xu H., Xiao G.G., et al. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):207. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li L., Cheng Y., Emrich S., Schorey J. Activation of endothelial cells by extracellular vesicles derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages or mice. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0198337. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198337</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li L., Cheng Y., Emrich S., Schorey J. Activation of endothelial cells by extracellular vesicles derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages or mice. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0198337. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198337</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rødgaard-Hansen S., Rafique A., Christensen P.A., Maniecki M.B., Sandahl T.D., Nexø E., et al. A soluble form of the macrophage-related mannose receptor (MR/CD206) is present in human serum and elevated in critical illness. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014;52(3):453–61. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0451</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rødgaard-Hansen S., Rafique A., Christensen P.A., Maniecki M.B., Sandahl T.D., Nexø E., et al. A soluble form of the macrophage-related mannose receptor (MR/CD206) is present in human serum and elevated in critical illness. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014;52(3):453–61. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0451</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grønbæk H., Gantzel R.H., Laursen T.L., Kazankov K., Møller H.J. Macrophage markers and innate immunity in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2020;73(6):1586–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grønbæk H., Gantzel R.H., Laursen T.L., Kazankov K., Møller H.J. Macrophage markers and innate immunity in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2020;73(6):1586–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grønbæk H., Rødgaard-Hansen S., Aagaard N.K., Arroyo V., Moestrup S.K., Garcia E., et al.; CANONIC study investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Macrophage activation markers predict mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis without or with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). J Hepatol. 2016;64(4):813–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grønbæk H., Rødgaard-Hansen S., Aagaard N.K., Arroyo V., Moestrup S.K., Garcia E., et al.; CANONIC study investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Macrophage activation markers predict mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis without or with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). J Hepatol. 2016;64(4):813–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khorami S.H.H., Nejatollahi F., Davarpanah M.A. Serum levels of interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and interferon-γ in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepat Mon. 2018;18(4):e60377. DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.60377</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khorami S.H.H., Nejatollahi F., Davarpanah M.A. Serum levels of interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and interferon-γ in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepat Mon. 2018;18(4):e60377. DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.60377</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rainer F., Horvath A., Sandahl T.D., Leber B., Schmerboeck B., Blesl A, et al. Soluble CD163 and soluble mannose receptors predict survival and decompensation in patients with liver cirrhosis and correlate with gut permeability and bacterial translocation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(5):657–64. DOI: 10.1111/apt.14474</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rainer F., Horvath A., Sandahl T.D., Leber B., Schmerboeck B., Blesl A, et al. Soluble CD163 and soluble mannose receptors predict survival and decompensation in patients with liver cirrhosis and correlate with gut permeability and bacterial translocation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(5):657–64. DOI: 10.1111/apt.14474</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orntoft N.W., Blé M., Baiges A., Ferrusquia J., Hernández-Gea V., Turon F., et al. Divergences in macrophage activation markers soluble CD163 and mannose receptor in patients with non-cirrhotic and cirrhotic portal hypertension. Front Physiol. 2021;12:649668. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649668</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orntoft N.W., Blé M., Baiges A., Ferrusquia J., Hernández-Gea V., Turon F., et al. Divergences in macrophage activation markers soluble CD163 and mannose receptor in patients with non-cirrhotic and cirrhotic portal hypertension. Front Physiol. 2021;12:649668. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649668</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li T.P., Guan S.H., Wang Q., Chen L.W., Yang K., Zhang H. Soluble mannose receptor as a predictor of prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(37):5667–75. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i37.5667</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li T.P., Guan S.H., Wang Q., Chen L.W., Yang K., Zhang H. Soluble mannose receptor as a predictor of prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(37):5667–75. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i37.5667</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van der Zande H.J.P., Nitsche D., Schlautmann L., Guigas B., Burgdorf S. The mannose receptor: From endocytic receptor and biomarker to regulator of (meta)inflammation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:765034. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van der Zande H.J.P., Nitsche D., Schlautmann L., Guigas B., Burgdorf S. The mannose receptor: From endocytic receptor and biomarker to regulator of (meta)inflammation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:765034. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nielsen M.C., Hvidbjerg Gantzel R., Clària J., Trebicka J., Møller H.J., Grønbæk H. Macrophage activation markers, CD163 and CD206, in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Cells. 2020;9(5):1175. DOI: 10.3390/cells9051175</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nielsen M.C., Hvidbjerg Gantzel R., Clària J., Trebicka J., Møller H.J., Grønbæk H. Macrophage activation markers, CD163 and CD206, in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Cells. 2020;9(5):1175. DOI: 10.3390/cells9051175</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed A.M.M., Kadaru A.G.Y., Omer I., Musa A.M., Enan K., El Khidir I.M., et al. Macrophages from patients with cirrhotic ascites showed function alteration of host defense receptor. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4(4):279–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.08.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed A.M.M., Kadaru A.G.Y., Omer I., Musa A.M., Enan K., El Khidir I.M., et al. Macrophages from patients with cirrhotic ascites showed function alteration of host defense receptor. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4(4):279–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.08.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan-Garcia A., Lai F. Irac S.E., Ng P.Y., Msallam R., et al. Liver fibrosis and CD206+ macrophage accumulation are suppressed by anti-GM-CSF therapy. JHEP Reports. 2020;2(1):100062. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.11.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan-Garcia A., Lai F. Irac S.E., Ng P.Y., Msallam R., et al. Liver fibrosis and CD206+ macrophage accumulation are suppressed by anti-GM-CSF therapy. JHEP Reports. 2020;2(1):100062. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.11.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dang B., Gao Q., Zhang L., Zhang J., Cai H., Zhu Y., et al. The glycolysis/HIF-1α axis defines the inflammatory role of IL-4-primed macrophages. Cell Rep. 2023;42(5):112471. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112471</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dang B., Gao Q., Zhang L., Zhang J., Cai H., Zhu Y., et al. The glycolysis/HIF-1α axis defines the inflammatory role of IL-4-primed macrophages. Cell Rep. 2023;42(5):112471. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112471</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li L., Chen L., Lin F., Mu J., Wang D., Zhang W., et al. Study of the expression of inflammatory factors IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 in liver failure complicated by coagulation dysfunction and sepsis. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:1447–53. DOI: 10.2147/JIR.S302975</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li L., Chen L., Lin F., Mu J., Wang D., Zhang W., et al. Study of the expression of inflammatory factors IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 in liver failure complicated by coagulation dysfunction and sepsis. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:1447–53. DOI: 10.2147/JIR.S302975</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng Y., Tian Y., Xia J., Wu X., Yang Y., Li X., et al. The role of PTEN in the regulation of hepatic macrophage activation and function in the progression and reversal of liver fibrosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017;317:51–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.01.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng Y., Tian Y., Xia J., Wu X., Yang Y., Li X., et al. The role of PTEN in the regulation of hepatic macrophage activation and function in the progression and reversal of liver fibrosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017;317:51–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.01.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiss E., de la Grange P., Defaye M., Lozano J.J., Aguilar F., Hegde P., et al. Characterization of blood immune cells in patients with decompensated cirrhosis including ACLF. Front Immunol. 2021;11:619039. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiss E., de la Grange P., Defaye M., Lozano J.J., Aguilar F., Hegde P., et al. Characterization of blood immune cells in patients with decompensated cirrhosis including ACLF. Front Immunol. 2021;11:619039. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
