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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2018-28-5-18-34</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-260</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Аутоиммунный гепатит у детей:  современное состояние проблемы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Autoimmune Hepatitis in Children: The Current State of the Problem</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-9599</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname> Волынец</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volynets</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук,  главный научный сотрудник отдела гастроэнтерологии Научно-исследовательского клинического института педиатрии  им. академика Ю.Е. Вельтищева ФГБОУ ВО «Российский  национальный  исследовательский  медицинский  университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения  Российской Федерации, профессор кафедры поликлинической и социальной педиатрии ФДПО ФГБОУ ВО РНИМУ  им. Н.И. Пирогова, ведущий специалист ГБУ НИИ ОЗ и  ММ Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы.</p><p>125412, г. Москва, ул. Талдомская, д. 2.  </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Chief Researcher,  Department of Gastroenterology of the Research and Clinical  Institute for Pediatrics named after academician Yuri Veltischev;  Prof.,  Department  of  Polyclinic  and  Social  Pediatrics,  Faculty of Additional Vocational Education of the Pirogov  Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian  Ministry of Healthcare; Leading Specialist, Research and Scientific Institute of Public Healthcare Organization and Medical Management of the Moscow City Healthcare Department.</p><p>125412,  Moscow,  Taldomskaya str., 2.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volynec_g@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-7280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хавкин</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khavkin</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор  медицинских  наук,  профессор,  руководитель  отдела  гастроэнтерологии  Научно-исследовательского  клинического  института  педиатрии  им. академика Ю.Е. Вельтищева ФГБОУ ВО «Российский  национальный исследовательский медицинский университет  им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.</p><p>125412, г. Москва, ул. Талдомская, д. 2. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head of the Department of Gastroenterology of the Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics named after academician Yuri Veltischev  of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.  </p><p>125412, г. Москва, ул. Талдомская, д. 2. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gastropedclin@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6525-8665</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скворцова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skvortsova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат  медицинских  наук,  врач-гастроэнтеролог,  заведующая  гастроэнтерологическим  отделением  ГБУЗ  «Морозовская  ДГКБ  ДЗМ»,  руководитель Центра детской гастроэнтерологии и Центра  ВЗК  ГБУЗ  «Морозовская  ДГКБ  ДЗМ»,  главный  внештатный  детский  специалист  гастроэнтеролог  ДЗМ,  доцент  кафедры  гастроэнтерологии  факультета  дополнительного  профессионального образования ФГБОУ ВО «Российский  национальный исследовательский медицинский университет  им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.</p><p>125412, г. Москва, ул. Талдомская, д. 2. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Gastroenterologist doctor, Head of the Gastroenterology department, Head  of  the  Center  for  Pediatric  Gastroenterology  and  the  IBD  Center of the “Morozovskaya” Children’s City Clinical Hospital, Chief External Children’s Gastroenterologist Specialist  of the Moscow Healthcare department, Associate Professor of  the Gastroenterology Department of the Faculty of Additional Vocational Education, Pirogov Russian National Research  Medical University.  </p><p>125412, г. Москва, ул. Талдомская, д. 2. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">skvortcova.tamara@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маткаш</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matkash</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-гастроэнтеролог  гастроэнтерологического  отделения  ГБУЗ  «Морозовская  ДГКБ ДЗМ».</p><p>125412, г. Москва, ул. Талдомская, д. 2. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gastroenterologist doctor, Gastroenterology Department of the “Morozovskaya” Children’s City  Clinical Hospital.  </p><p>125412, г. Москва, ул. Талдомская, д. 2. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vasilisamatkash@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский клинический институт педиатрии имени академика Ю.Е. Вельтищева  ВГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова».</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9;  Волынец Г.В., Хавкин А.И., Скворцова Т.А., Маткаш В.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru"> Волынец Г.В., Хавкин А.И., Скворцова Т.А., Маткаш В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volynets G.V., Khavkin A.I., Skvortsova T.A., Matkash V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/260">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/260</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель обзора</title><p>Цель обзора: обобщить итоги исследований аутоиммунного гепатита (АИГ) у детей, подходы к его диагностике и терапии на современном этапе.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения. В соответствии с результатами серологических исследований у детей выделяют два типа АИГ: АИГ 1-го типа при выявлении аутоантител к гладкой мускулатуре (ASMA) и/или антинуклеарных аутоантител (ANA) и АИГ 2-го типа — при выявлении аутоантител к микросомам печени и почек (anti-LKM-1) и/или аутоантител к цитозольному антигену печени (anti-LC-1). Паренхиматозное воспаление печени хорошо отвечает на стандартную иммуносупрессивную терапию преднизолоном и азатиоприном. Рецидивы заболевания отмечаются примерно у 40 % пациентов во время лечения. Целесообразно лечить детей в течение, по крайней мере, 2–3 лет, прежде чем предпринимать попытки отмены лечения, которые следует учитывать только в том случае, если уровни трансаминаз и IgG были нормальными и отрицательным или низкими (1:20 методом иммунофлюоресценции) были титры аутоантител в течение, по меньшей мере, года. Перед попыткой отмены терапии следует повторить биопсию печени и гистологическое исследование, чтобы исключить остаточные воспалительные изменения. Небольшому количеству пациентов, которые не отвечают на стандартное лечение, и тем, у которых регистрируются частые рецидивы заболевания, целесообразно предлагать альтернативное иммуносупрессивное лечение, эффективность которого все еще неоднозначна и малоизучена (в том числе в порядке приоритета микофенолата мофетил, ингибиторы кальциневрина, ритуксимаб, ингибитор фактора некроза опухоли альфа). В случаях рефрактерности к терапии и прогрессировании заболевания до цирроза печени и его декомпенсации показана трансплантация печени. АИГ может рецидивировать после трансплантации печени. De novo АИГ развивается после трансплантации печени по поводу неаутоиммунных болезней, характеризуется также присутствием аутоантител (ANA, АSMA и типичным или нетипичным анти-LKM-1) и гистологической картиной, схожей с таковой при АИГ. De novo АИГ после трансплантации печени хорошо отвечает на классическую иммуносупрессивную терапию АИГ, но не на стандартную антиретровирусную терапию. В статье рассматриваются вопросы клинических проявлений, диагностики, подходов к лечению и длительному наблюдению детей с АИГ, в том числе сформулированные основной группой членов Европейского общества детских гастроэнтерологов, гепатологов и нутрициологов (ESPGHAN).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Аутоиммунный гепатит (АИГ) у детей имеет прогрессирующее течение с исходом в цирроз печени. Представленный обзор обобщает подходы к диагностике и подбору терапии аутоиммунного гепатита у детей. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To generalize the results of existing research studies carried out to investigate autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in children, and the contemporary approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of the disease. </p></sec><sec><title>Key points</title><p>Key points. According to the results of serological studies, two types of AIH can be distinguished in children. AIH of type 1 is diagnosed, when anti-smooth muscle autoantibodies (ASMA) and/or antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) have been detected. AIH of type 2 AIH is diagnosed, when liver kidney microsomal autoantibodies (anti-LKM-1) and/ or anti-liver cytosolic autoantibodies (anti-LC-1) have been detected. Liver parenchymal inflammation responds well to a standard immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and azathioprine. Disease relapses are observed in about 40% of patients during treatment. It is expedient to treat children at least for 2–3 years before attempting to cancel the treatment, which decision should be considered only when the levels of transaminases have remained normal and IgG has been negative, or autoantibody titers have been low (1:20 using immunofluorescence method) for at least a year. Before attempting to cancel the therapy, liver biopsy and histological study should be repeated in order to exclude the possibility of residual inflammatory changes. For a small number of patients, who do not respond to standard treatment and those who suffer from frequent disease relapses, it is advisable to offer an alternative immunosuppressive treatment, the effectiveness of which is still ambiguous and poorly understood (including, in order of priority, mycophenolate mofetil, calcineurin inhibitors, rituximab, Inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha). In cases of refractoriness to therapy and the disease progression to liver cirrhosis and its decompensation, liver transplantation is justified. It is shown that AIH might relapse after liver transplantation. De novo AIH develops after liver transplantation as a result of non-autoimmune diseases; it is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies (ANA, ASMA and typical or atypical anti-LKM-1), and histologically characterized by a pattern similar to that of AIH. De novo AIH after liver transplantation responds well to a classical immunosuppressive therapy, but not to a standard antiretroviral therapy. In the review, we discuss issues associated with the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of AIH in children. Approaches to the treatment and long-term observation of such children are reviewed, including, i.e., those formulated by the main group of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) members.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in children has a progressive course with the outcome to liver cirrhosis. The presented review has summarized approaches to the diagnosis and selection of AIH therapy in children. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунный гепатит</kwd><kwd>аутоантитела к гладкой мускулатуре</kwd><kwd>антинуклеарные аутоантитела</kwd><kwd>аутоантитела к микросомам печени и почек</kwd><kwd>аутоантитела к цитозольному антигену печени</kwd><kwd>иммуносупрессивная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>autoimmune hepatitis</kwd><kwd>anti-smooth muscle autoantibodies</kwd><kwd>antinuclear autoantibodies</kwd><kwd>liver kidney microsomal autoantibodies</kwd><kwd>anti-liver cytosolic autoantibodies</kwd><kwd>immunosuppressive therapy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Della Corte C., Sartorelli M.R., Comparcola D., Alterio A., Giorgio V., Papadatou B., Nobili V. 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