gastro-jРоссийский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологииRussian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology1382-43762658-6673«Gastro» LLC10.22416/1382-4376-2019-29-4-15-21gastro-j-393Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSПатогенетические аспекты поражения полости рта при воспалительных заболеваниях кишечникаPathogenetic Aspects of Oral Cavity Lesions in Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Tract DiseasesРобакидзеН. С.RobakidzeN. S.

доктор медицинских наук, доцент кафедры ортопедической стоматологии 191015, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41

Dr. Sci.(Med.), Assoc. Prof., Department of orthopedic dentistry191015, Saint Petersburg, Kirochnaya str., 4

rona24@list.ruЩукинаО. Б.ShchukinaO. B.

доктор медицинских наук, доцент кафедры общей врачебной практики; Научный руководитель 197110, г. Санкт-Петербург, пр-т. Динамо, д. 3.

Dr. Sci.(Med.), Assoc. Prof., Department of General Practice; Research supervisor197110, Saint Petersburg, Dinamo ave., 3.

burmao@gmail.comФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияNorth-Western State Medical University named after I.I. MechnikovRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Городской центр диагностики и лечения воспалительных заболеваний кишечника, ГКБ № 31РоссияPavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, City Centre of Diagnosis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, City Clinical Hospital No. 31Russian Federation2019220920192941521Copyright © Робакидзе Н.С., Щукина О.Б., 20192019Робакидзе Н.С., Щукина О.Б.Robakidze N.S., Shchukina O.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/393

Несмотря на сходство многих патогенетических звеньев поражений желудочно-кишечного тракта и полости рта, остаются нерешенными вопросы, связанные с этиологией и патогенезом стоматологических заболеваний, ассоциированных с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника.Цель обзора: анализ и систематизация литературных данных по проблеме поражения полости рта при воспалительных заболеваниях кишечника.Основные положения. Тяжелое рецидивирующее течение воспалительных заболеваний кишечника и тесная взаимосвязь всех уровней пищеварительной трубки создают предпосылки для развития патологических процессов в полости рта. Несмотря на обширную симптоматику оральных проявлений воспалительных заболеваний кишечника, чаще других заболеваний рассматривается афтозный стоматит. Существуют различные мнения о вовлеченности слизистой оболочки рта в патологический процесс при воспалительных заболеваниях кишечника. Одни авторы рассматривают поражение рта с точки зрения особой локализации болезни Крона, другие видят в этом лишь внекишечные проявления заболевания, наравне с изменениями кожи, суставов и глаз.Заключение. Представленный анализ публикаций подтверждает морфофункциональное единство различных отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта, которое определяет сложные механизмы развития сочетанных заболеваний.

Despite the similarity of many pathogenetic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and the oral cavity, there remain unresolved issues related to the etiology and pathogenesis of dental diseases associated with inflammatory bowel diseases.

Aim

Aim. Analysis and systematization of literature data on the problem of combined diseases of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract.

Key findings

Key findings. Severe recurrent inflammatory bowel disease and the close relationship of all levels of the digestive tube create prerequisites for the development of pathological processes in the oral cavity. Despite the extensive symptoms of oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, aphthous stomatitis is considered more often than other diseases. There are different opinions about the involvement of the oral mucosa in the pathological process in inflammatory bowel disease. Some authors consider the defeat of the mouth in terms of the specific localization of Crohn’s disease, others see in it only extraintestinal manifestations of the disease, along with changes in the skin, joints and eyes. Immunohistochemical studies allow you to answer individual questions of pathogenesis.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The presented analysis of publications confirms the morphofunctional unity of various parts of the digestive system, which determines the complex mechanisms of the development of combined diseases.

болезнь Кронаязвенный колитрецидивирующий афтозный стоматитCrohn`s diseaseulcerative colitisrecurrent aphthous stomatitisReferencesГригорьева Г.А., Мешалкина Н.Ю. О проблеме системных проявлений воспалительных заболеваний кишечника. Фарматека. 2011;15(228):14–49.Grigorieva G.A., Meshalkina N.Yu. On the problem of systemic manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases. Farmateka. 2011;15(228): 14–49 (In Rus.)Маев И.В., Базикян Э.А., Царев В.Н., Лукина Г.И., Мухина Е.В. Микрофлора полости рта с различной рН смешанной слюны у больных с кислотозависимыми заболеваниями. Медицина критических состояний. 2008;3:31–4.Maev I.V., Bazikyan E.A., Tsarev V.N., Lukina G.I., Mukhina E.V. Oral microflora with different pH of mixed saliva in patients with acid-related diseases. Critical Medicine. 2008;3:31–4 (In Rus.)Logan R.M. Links between oral and gastrointestinal health. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2010;4(1):31–5.Logan R.M. Links between oral and gastrointestinal health. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2010;4(1):31–5.Jajam M., Bozzolo P., Niklander S. Oral manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(10):1242–8.Jajam M., Bozzolo P., Niklander S. Oral manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(10):1242–8.Larsen S., Bendtzen K., Nielsen O.H. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Ann Med. 2010; 42(2):97–114.Larsen S., Bendtzen K., Nielsen O.H. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Ann Med. 2010; 42(2):97–114.Girlich C., Bogenrieder T., Palitzsch K.D., Schölmerich J., Lock G. Orofacial granulomatosis as initial manifestation of Crohn’s disease: a report of two cases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14(8):873–6.Girlich C., Bogenrieder T., Palitzsch K.D., Schölmerich J., Lock G. Orofacial granulomatosis as initial manifestation of Crohn’s disease: a report of two cases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14(8):873–6.Femiano F., Lanza A., Buonaiuto C., Perillo L., Dell’Ermo A., Cirillo N. Pyostomatitisvegetans: a review of the literature. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(3):E114–7.Femiano F., Lanza A., Buonaiuto C., Perillo L., Dell’Ermo A., Cirillo N. Pyostomatitisvegetans: a review of the literature. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(3):E114–7.Ивашкин В.Т., Шелыгин Ю.А., Халиф И.Л., Белоусова Е.А., Шифрин О.С., Абдулганиева Д.И. и др. Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации и ассоциации колопроктологов России по диагностике и лечению болезни Крона. Колопроктология. 2017;2(60):7–29.Ivashkin V.T., Shelygin Yu.A., Khalif I.L., Belousova E.A., Shifrin O.S., Abdulganieva D.I. et al. Clinical recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association and the Association of Coloproctologists of Russia for the diagnosis and treatment of Crohn’s disease. Coloproctology. 2017;2(60):7–29. (In Rus.)Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: Where are we? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;30 Suppl 1:12–8.Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: Where are we? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;30 Suppl 1:12–8.Harikishan G., Reddy N.R., Prasad H., Anitha S. Oral Crohn’s disease without intestinal manifestations. J Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2012;4 (Suppl 2):S431–4.Harikishan G., Reddy N.R., Prasad H., Anitha S. Oral Crohn’s disease without intestinal manifestations. J Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2012;4 (Suppl 2):S431–4.Lourenço S.V, Hussein T.P., Bologna S.B., Sipahi A.M., Nico M.M. Oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: a review based on the observation of six cases J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(2):204–7.Lourenço S.V, Hussein T.P., Bologna S.B., Sipahi A.M., Nico M.M. Oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: a review based on the observation of six cases J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(2):204–7.Fatahzadeh M., Schwartz R.A., Kapila R., Rochford C. Orofacial Crohn’s disease: an oral enigma. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2009;17(4):289–300.Fatahzadeh M., Schwartz R.A., Kapila R., Rochford C. Orofacial Crohn’s disease: an oral enigma. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2009;17(4):289–300.Лебеденко И.Ю., Маев И.В., Муляр Е.А. Проявление неспецифического язвенного колита и болезни Крона в полости рта. Российский стоматологический журнал. 2002;6:42–5.Lebedenko I.Yu., Maev I.V., Mulyar E.A. Manifestation of nonspecific ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in the oral cavity. Russian dental journal. 2002;6:42–5 (In Rus.)Nakajima S., Iijima H., Egawa S., Shinzaki S., Kondo J., Inoue T., Hayashi Y., Ying J., Mukai A., Akasaka T., Nishida T., Kanto T., Tsujii M., Hayashi N. Association of vitamin K deficiency with bone metabolism and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrition. 2011;27(10):1023–8.Nakajima S., Iijima H., Egawa S., Shinzaki S., Kondo J., Inoue T., Hayashi Y., Ying J., Mukai A., Akasaka T., Nishida T., Kanto T., Tsujii M., Hayashi N. Association of vitamin K deficiency with bone metabolism and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrition. 2011;27(10):1023–8.Bronner F. Mechanisms of intestinal calcium absorption. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88(2):387–93.Bronner F. Mechanisms of intestinal calcium absorption. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88(2):387–93.Fang Y., Hu C., Tao X., Wan Y., Tao F. Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Bone Miner Metab. 2012;30(1):60–8.Fang Y., Hu C., Tao X., Wan Y., Tao F. Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Bone Miner Metab. 2012;30(1):60–8.Galbraith S.S., Drolet B.A., Kugathasan S., Paller A.S., Esterly N.B. Asymptomatic inflammatory bowel disease presenting with mucocutaneous findings. Pediatrics. 2005;116(3):439–44.Galbraith S.S., Drolet B.A., Kugathasan S., Paller A.S., Esterly N.B. Asymptomatic inflammatory bowel disease presenting with mucocutaneous findings. Pediatrics. 2005;116(3):439–44.Ardizzone S., Puttini P.S., Cassinotti A., Porro G.B. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40, Suppl. 2:S253–9.Ardizzone S., Puttini P.S., Cassinotti A., Porro G.B. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40, Suppl. 2:S253–9.Levine J.S., Burakoff R. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases 2011. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2011;7(4):235–41.Levine J.S., Burakoff R. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases 2011. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2011;7(4):235–41.Williams H., Walker D., Orchard T.R. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008;10(6):597–605.Williams H., Walker D., Orchard T.R. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008;10(6):597–605.Mortada I., Leone A., Gerges Geagea A., Mortada R., Matar C., Rizzo M., Hajj Hussein I., Massaad-Massade L., Jurjus A. Oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2017;31(3):817–21.Mortada I., Leone A., Gerges Geagea A., Mortada R., Matar C., Rizzo M., Hajj Hussein I., Massaad-Massade L., Jurjus A. Oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2017;31(3):817–21.Lankarani K.B., Sivandzadeh G.R., Hassanpour S. Oral manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease: A review. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(46):8571–9.Lankarani K.B., Sivandzadeh G.R., Hassanpour S. Oral manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease: A review. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(46):8571–9.Burisch J., Munkholm P. Inflammatory bowel disease epidemiology. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50(8):942–51.Burisch J., Munkholm P. Inflammatory bowel disease epidemiology. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50(8):942–51.Adler J., Rangwalla S.C., Dwamena B.A., Higgins P.D. The prognostic power of the NOD2 genotype for complicated Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(4):699–712.Adler J., Rangwalla S.C., Dwamena B.A., Higgins P.D. The prognostic power of the NOD2 genotype for complicated Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(4):699–712.Frolkis A., Dieleman L.A., Barkema H.W., Panaccione R., Ghosh S., Fedorak R.N., Madsen K., Kaplan G.G.; Alberta IBD Consortium. Environment and the inflammatory bowel diseases. Can J Gastroenterol. 2013;27(3):18–24.Frolkis A., Dieleman L.A., Barkema H.W., Panaccione R., Ghosh S., Fedorak R.N., Madsen K., Kaplan G.G.; Alberta IBD Consortium. Environment and the inflammatory bowel diseases. Can J Gastroenterol. 2013;27(3):18–24.Deas D.E., Mackey S.A., McDonnell H.T. Systemic disease and periodontitis: manifestations of neutrophil dysfunction. Periodontol 2000. 2003;32:82–104.Deas D.E., Mackey S.A., McDonnell H.T. Systemic disease and periodontitis: manifestations of neutrophil dysfunction. Periodontol 2000. 2003;32:82–104.Singhal S., Dian D., Keshavarzian A., Fogg L., Fields JZ., Farhadi A. The role of oral hygiene in inflammatory bowel disease. DigDisSci. 2011;56(1):170–5.Singhal S., Dian D., Keshavarzian A., Fogg L., Fields JZ., Farhadi A. The role of oral hygiene in inflammatory bowel disease. DigDisSci. 2011;56(1):170–5.Nagpal S., Acharya A.B., Thakur S.L. Periodontal disease and anemias associated with Crohn’s disease. A case report. N Y State Dent J. 2012;78(2):47–50.Nagpal S., Acharya A.B., Thakur S.L. Periodontal disease and anemias associated with Crohn’s disease. A case report. N Y State Dent J. 2012;78(2):47–50.Ojha J., Cohen D.M., Islam N.M., Stewart C.M., Katz J., Bhattacharyya I. Gingival involvement in Crohn’s disease. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138(12):1574–81.Ojha J., Cohen D.M., Islam N.M., Stewart C.M., Katz J., Bhattacharyya I. Gingival involvement in Crohn’s disease. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138(12):1574–81.Brito F., Zaltman C., Carvalho A.T., Fischer R.G., Persson R., Gustafsson A., Figueredo C.M. Subgingival microflora in inflammatory bowel disease patients with untreated periodontitis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013;25(2):239–45.Brito F., Zaltman C., Carvalho A.T., Fischer R.G., Persson R., Gustafsson A., Figueredo C.M. Subgingival microflora in inflammatory bowel disease patients with untreated periodontitis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013;25(2):239–45.Осипова Ю.Л. Роль нарушений клеточной пролиферации и апоптоза в патогенезе воспалительных заболеваний пародонта на фоне гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни. Саратовский научно-медицинский журнал. 2013;3:449–53.Osipova Yu. L. The role of violations of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases in the background of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific; 2013;3:449–53 (In Rus.)Лепилин А.В., Осадчук М.А., Карабушина Я.Г. Патогенетические особенности воспалительных заболеваний пародонта при синдроме раздраженного кишечника. Успехи современного естествознания. 2003;8:99.Lepilin A.V., Osadchuk M.A., Karabushina Ya. G. Pathogenetic features of inflammatory periodontal diseases in irritable bowel syndrome. Successes of modern science. 2003;8:99 (In Rus.)Guilarte M., Santos J., de Torres I., Alonso C., Vicario M., Ramos L., Martínez C., Casellas F., Saperas E., Malagelada J.R. Diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients show mast cell activation and hyperplasia in the jejunum. Gut. 2007;56(2):203–9.Guilarte M., Santos J., de Torres I., Alonso C., Vicario M., Ramos L., Martínez C., Casellas F., Saperas E., Malagelada J.R. Diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients show mast cell activation and hyperplasia in the jejunum. Gut. 2007;56(2):203–9.Pujari R., Vidya N. Mast cell density in oral submucous fibrosis: a possible role in pathogenesis. In. J Health Sci (Qassim). 2013;7(1):23–9.Pujari R., Vidya N. Mast cell density in oral submucous fibrosis: a possible role in pathogenesis. In. J Health Sci (Qassim). 2013;7(1):23–9.Ganganna K., Shetty P., Shroff S.E. Collagen in histologic stages of oral submucous fibrosis: A polarizing microscopic study. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol. 2012;16(2):162–6.Ganganna K., Shetty P., Shroff S.E. Collagen in histologic stages of oral submucous fibrosis: A polarizing microscopic study. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol. 2012;16(2):162–6.Walsh L.J. Mast cell and oral inflammation. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(3):188–98.Walsh L.J. Mast cell and oral inflammation. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(3):188–98.Рабинович О.Ф., Рабинович И.М., Панфилова Е.Л., Вахрушина Е.В. Рецидивирующий афтозный стоматит — этиология, патогенез (часть I). Стоматология. 2010;1:71–4.Rabinovich O.F., Rabinovich I.M., Panfilova E.L., Vakhrushina E.V. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis — etiology, pathogenesis (part I). Dentistry 2010; 1: 71–74 (In Rus.)Preeti L., Magesh K., Rajkumar K., Karthik R. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol. 2011;15(3):252–6.Preeti L., Magesh K., Rajkumar K., Karthik R. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol. 2011;15(3):252–6.Chavan M., Jain H., Diwan N., Khedkar S., Shete A., Durkar S. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012;41(8):577–83.Chavan M., Jain H., Diwan N., Khedkar S., Shete A., Durkar S. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012;41(8):577–83.Koybasi S., Parlak A.H., Serin E., Yilmaz F., Serin D. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: investigation of possible etiologic factors. Am J Otolaryngol. 2006;27(4):229–32.Koybasi S., Parlak A.H., Serin E., Yilmaz F., Serin D. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: investigation of possible etiologic factors. Am J Otolaryngol. 2006;27(4):229–32.Рабинович О.Ф., Бабиченко И.И., Рабинович И.М., Ковязин В.А., Вахрушина Е.В. Иммуноморфология рецидивирующего афтозного стоматита. Архив патологии. 2012;2:23–5.Rabinovich O.F., Babichenko I.I., Rabinovich I.M., Kovyazin V.A., Vakhrushina E.V. Immunomorphology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Pathology Archive 2012;2:23–5 (In Rus.)Бушуева Т.В., Ронь Г.И., Чернышева Н.Д. Роль цитокинов в развитии хронического рецидивирующего афтозного стоматита. Уральский медицинский журнал. 2010;8(73):9–10.Bushueva T.V., Ron’ G.I., Chernysheva N.D. The role of cytokines in the development of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Ural Medical Journal. 2010;8(73):9–10 (In Rus.)Duerksen D.R., Fallows G., Bernstein C.N. Vitamin B12 malabsorption in patients with limited ileal resection. Nutrition. 2006;22(11–12):1210–3.Duerksen D.R., Fallows G., Bernstein C.N. Vitamin B12 malabsorption in patients with limited ileal resection. Nutrition. 2006;22(11–12):1210–3.Lopez-Jornet P., Gomez-Garcia F., Camacho-Alonso F. Pyostomatitis vegetans. Clinical marker of ulcerative colitis. N.-Y. State Dent J. 2012;78(2):36–7.Lopez-Jornet P., Gomez-Garcia F., Camacho-Alonso F. Pyostomatitis vegetans. Clinical marker of ulcerative colitis. N.-Y. State Dent J. 2012;78(2):36–7.Michailidou E., Arvanitidou S., Lombardi T., Kolokotronis A., Antoniades D., Samson J. Oral lesions leading to the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease: report on 5 patients. Quintessence Int. 2009;40(7):581–8.Michailidou E., Arvanitidou S., Lombardi T., Kolokotronis A., Antoniades D., Samson J. Oral lesions leading to the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease: report on 5 patients. Quintessence Int. 2009;40(7):581–8.Freysdottir J., Zhang S., Tilakaratne W.M., Fortune F. Oral biopsies from patients with orofacial granulomatosis with histology resembling Crohn’s disease have a prominent Th1 environment. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2007;13(4):439–45. 47. Zbar A.P., Ben-Horin S., Beer-Gabel M., Eliakim R. Oral Crohn’s disease: is it a separable disease from orofacial granulomatosis? A review. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6(2):135–42.Freysdottir J., Zhang S., Tilakaratne W.M., Fortune F. Oral biopsies from patients with orofacial granulomatosis with histology resembling Crohn’s disease have a prominent Th1 environment. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2007;13(4):439–45. 47. Zbar A.P., Ben-Horin S., Beer-Gabel M., Eliakim R. Oral Crohn’s disease: is it a separable disease from orofacial granulomatosis? A review. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6(2):135–42.Levine J.S., Burakoff R. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N.-Y.). 2011;(4):235–41.Levine J.S., Burakoff R. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N.-Y.). 2011;(4):235–41.Harbord M., Annese V., Vavricka S.R., Allez M., Barreiro-de Acosta M., Boberg K.M., Burisch J., De Vos M., De Vries A.M., Dick A.D., Juillerat P., Karlsen T.H., Koutroubakis I., Lakatos P.L., Orchard T., Papay P., Raine T., Reinshagen M., Thaci D., Tilg H., Carbonnel F. European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. The First European Evidence-based Consensus on Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10(3):239–54.Harbord M., Annese V., Vavricka S.R., Allez M., Barreiro-de Acosta M., Boberg K.M., Burisch J., De Vos M., De Vries A.M., Dick A.D., Juillerat P., Karlsen T.H., Koutroubakis I., Lakatos P.L., Orchard T., Papay P., Raine T., Reinshagen M., Thaci D., Tilg H., Carbonnel F. European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. The First European Evidence-based Consensus on Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10(3):239–54.Робакидзе Н.С., Барановский А.Ю., Щукина О.Б., Киселёва Е.Б. Дифференциально-диагностические критерии болезни Крона и язвенного колита по состоянию слизистой оболочки рта. Институт стоматологии. 2014;3(64):58–9.Robakidze N. S., Baranovsky A. Yu., Schukina O. B., Kiseleva E. B. Differential diagnostic criteria for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis based on the state of the oral mucosa. Institute of Dentistry. 2014;3(64):58–59 (In Rus.)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.