<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2019-29-4-38-49</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-396</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние рифаксимина и мультиштаммового пробиотика на кишечный микробиом и показатели сердечно-сосудистого риска у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of Rifaximin and a Multi-Strain Probiotic on the Intestinal Microbiome and Cardiovascular Risk Indicators in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1244-0201</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашух</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashukh</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней 119991, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Post-graduate student, Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases Department19991, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, building 1.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katrin1.10@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полуэктова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poluektova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней  </p><p>119991, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., 19991, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, building 1.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polouektova@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtseva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, заведующая лабораторией молекулярной биологии 119991, г. Москва, ул. Вавилова, д. 32</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Laboratory Head, Laboratory of Molecular Biology119991, Moscow, Vavilova str., 32.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">risamoeba@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснов</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnov</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной биологии 119991, г. Москва, ул. Вавилова, д. 32</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Biology119991, Moscow, Vavilova str., 32</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gskrasnov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казей</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazey</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, директор 117246, г. Москва, Научный проезд, д. 20, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Director117246, Moscow, Nauchny Proezd, 20, building 2.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vasily.kazey@exactelabs.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соболев</surname><given-names>П. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sobolev</surname><given-names>P. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>сотрудник 117246, г. Москва, Научный проезд, д. 20, стр. 2.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Employee</p><p>117246, Moscow, Nauchny Proezd, 20, building 2.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pavel.sobolev@exactelabs.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гремякова</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gremyakova</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>сотрудник 117246, г. Москва, Научный проезд, д. 20, стр. 2.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Employee</p><p>117246, Moscow, Nauchny Proezd, 20, building 2.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polina.gremyakova@exactelabs.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивашкин</surname><given-names>В. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivashkin</surname><given-names>V. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, академик РАН, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней лечебного факультета 119991, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), RAS Academician, Prof., Departmental Head, Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases Department, Medical Faculty119991, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, building 1.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kont087@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный университет им. И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский университет) Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт молекулярной биологии им. В.А. Энгельгардта Российской академии наук»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт молекулярной биологии им. В.А. Энгельгардта Российской академии наук»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Engelhardt Institute of Molecular&#13;
Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Лаборатория «Экзактэ Лабс»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Laboratory Exacte Labs<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кашух Е.А., Полуэктова Е.А., Кудрявцева А.В., Краснов Г.С., Казей В.И., Соболев П.Д., Гремякова П.В., Ивашкин В.Т., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кашух Е.А., Полуэктова Е.А., Кудрявцева А.В., Краснов Г.С., Казей В.И., Соболев П.Д., Гремякова П.В., Ивашкин В.Т.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kashukh E.A., Poluektova E.A., Kudryavtseva A.V., Krasnov G.S., Kazey V.I., Sobolev P.D., Gremyakova P.V., Ivashkin V.T.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/396">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/396</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования: оценить влияние рифаксимина и мультиштаммового пробиотика на кишечный микробиом и показатели сердечно-сосудистого риска у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС).Материалы и методы. В исследование, проводившееся с 2016 по 2019 год, было включено 120 человек в возрасте старше 50 лет, разделенных на 3 группы. Группа 1 — пациенты с ИБС, получающие стандартное лечение; группа 2 — пациенты с ИБС, получающие в дополнение пробиотик (Bifidobacterium bifidum не менее 1×109 КОЕ; Bifidobacterium longum не менее 1×109 КОЕ; Bifidobacterium infantis не менее 1×109 КОЕ; Lactobacillus rhamnosus не менее 1×109 КОЕ) в течение 28 дней; группа 3 — пациенты с ИБС, получающие в дополнение к основному лечению рифаксимин курсом 7 дней, а затем мультиштаммовый пробиотик в течение 21 дня. Группу 4 составили здоровые лица, сопоставимые по возрасту и полу с участниками исследования с ИБС. В группе 4 анализы крови и кала выполнялись однократно для сравнения с группой 1. Определение концентрации ТМАО выполнено с помощью жидкостной хромато-масс-спектрометрии. Для изучения состава фекальной микрофлоры использовалось 16S-секвенирование с последующим графическим представлением результатов. Анализ результатов производился с помощью программы обработки статистических данных IBM SPSS 22.0.Результаты. Дополнительный прием пробиотика (Bifidobacterium bifidum не менее 1×109 КОЕ; Bifidobacterium longum не менее 1×109 КОЕ; Bifidobacterium infantis не менее 1×109 КОЕ; Lactobacillus rhamnosus не менее 1×109 КОЕ) не повлиял на липидный профиль, скорость агрегации тромбоцитов. Терапия рифаксимином повлияла на снижение уровня общего холестерина, липопротеидов низкой плотности (ЛПНП), очень низкой плотности (ЛПОНП), триглицеридов (p &lt; 0,05) и не оказала влияние на уровень липопротеидов высокой плотности (ЛПВП). Отмечалась тенденция к снижению ТМАО во всех группах, статистически незначимая (p &gt; 0,05). В составе фекальной микробиоты по завершению приема пробиотика отмечены тенденции к повышению доли бактерий семейств Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, снижению доли семейства Ruminococcaceae (p &gt; 0,05). После терапии рифаксимином отмечена тенденция к снижению долей бактерий семейства Clostridiaceae (р &lt; 0,05), Peptostreptococcaceae (р &lt; 0,05), тенденция к снижению Enterobacteriaceae (p &gt; 0,05), уменьшение количества бактерий родов Clostridium и Escherichia/Shigella (p &gt; 0,05). Применение пробиотика после курса лечения рифаксимином не оказало существенного влияния на состав микрофлоры.В целом высокая вариабельность фекальной микробиоты между различными пациентами (значительно превосходящая межгрупповые отличия) не позволяет сделать однозначных выводов.Выводы. Применение мультиштаммового пробиотика в качестве дополнительной терапии у пациентов с ИБС в течение 28 дней не оказало значимого влияния на обмен липидов, уровень ТМАО и состав фекальной микрофлоры. Последовательное применение рифаксимина и пробиотика оказало благоприятное воздействие на такие факторы, как обмен липидов (снижение уровня общего холестерина, ЛПНП, ЛПОНП, триглицеридов), однако не повлияло на концентрацию ТМАО и состав кишечной микрофлоры у пациентов с ИБС.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim. To assess the effect of rifaximin and a multi-strain probiotic on the intestinal microbiome and the indicators of cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).Materials and methods. A study conducted during the 2016–2019 period included 120 people over 50 years old divided into 3 groups. Group 1 comprised patients with coronary heart disease receiving standard treatment. Group 2 comprised patients with coronary heart disease receiving additionally a probiotic (Bifidobacterium bifidum no less than 1x109 CFU; Bifidobacterium longum no less than 1x109 CFU; Bifidobacterium infantis no less than 1x109 CFU; Lactobacillus rhamnosus no less than 1x109 CFU) within 28 days. Group 3 comprised CHD patients receiving rifaximin for 7 days followed by addition of the multi-strain probiotic under test for 21 days. Group 4 consisted of healthy individuals, comparable in age and sex with the examined CHD patients. In group 4, blood and stool tests were performed once to provide a comparison with group 1. TMAO concentration was determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. To study the composition of fecal microflora, 16S sequencing was used followed by a graphical representation of the results. The results were analysed using the IBM SPSS 22.0 statistical data processing software.Results. An additional administration of the probiotic (Bifidobacterium bifidum no less than 1x109 CFU; Bifidobacterium longum no less than 1x109 CFU; Bifidobacterium infantis no less than 1x109 CFU; Lactobacillus rhamnosus no less than 1x109 CFU) is found to have no effect on the lipid profile and the platelet aggregation rate. Rifaximin therapy reduced the amount of total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density (VLDL) lipoproteins and triglycerides (p &lt;0.05), although not affecting the level of high density lipoproteins (HDL). TMAO showed a statistically insignificant (p&gt;0.05) downward trend in all groups. The composition of the fecal microbiota, at the end of administration of the probiotic, showed an increase in the proportion of bacteria of the Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae families and a decrease in the Ruminococcaceae family (p&gt;0.05). After rifaximin therapy, a decrease in the proportion of bacteria of the Clostridiaceae (p &lt;0.05) and Peptostreptococcaceae (p &lt;0.05) families, a decrease in Enterobacteriaceae (p &gt; 0.05) family and a decrease in the Clostridium and Escherichia/Shigella (p &gt; 0.05) genera was observed. The use of the probiotic after a course of treatment with rifaximin did not have a significant effect on the composition of the microflora. In general, the high variability of fecal microbiota between different patients (significantly superior to intergroup differences) does not allow us to draw unambiguous conclusions.Conclusions. The use of a multi-strain probiotic as an additional therapy in patients with coronary heart disease within 28 days did not have a significant effect on lipid metabolism, TMAO level and the composition of fecal microflora. The consecutive use of rifaximin and the probiotic had a beneficial effect on such factors as lipid metabolism (decrease in the level of total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides), but did not affect the concentration of TMAO and the composition of the intestinal microflora in patients with coronary heart disease.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>ишемическая болезнь сердца</kwd><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>пробиотик</kwd><kwd>рифаксимин</kwd><kwd>триметиламин</kwd><kwd>L-карнитин</kwd><kwd>ТМАО</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>coronary heart disease</kwd><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>probiotic</kwd><kwd>rifaximin</kwd><kwd>trimethylamine</kwd><kwd>L-carnitine</kwd><kwd>TMAO</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson D.P., Gidding S.S. Atherosclerosis: Is a cure in sight? J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(5 Suppl):S1–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.06.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson D.P., Gidding S.S. Atherosclerosis: Is a cure in sight? J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(5 Suppl):S1–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.06.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fialho A., Kochhar G., Schenone A.L., Thota P., Mc-Cullough A.J., Shen B. Association Between Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth by Glucose Breath Test and Coronary Artery Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(2):412–21. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4828-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fialho A., Kochhar G., Schenone A.L., Thota P., Mc-Cullough A.J., Shen B. Association Between Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth by Glucose Breath Test and Coronary Artery Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(2):412–21. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4828-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Z., Klipfell E., Bennett B.J., Koeth R., Levison B.S. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2011;472:57–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z., Klipfell E., Bennett B.J., Koeth R., Levison B.S. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2011;472:57–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romano K.A., Vivas E.I., Amador-Noguez D., Rey F.E. Intestinal microbiota composition modulates choline bioavailability from diet and accumulation of the proatherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide. MBio. 2015;6(2):e02481. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02481-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z., Klipfell E., Bennett B.J., Koeth R., Levison B.S. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2011;472:57–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tang W.H., Wang Z., Levison B.S., Koeth R.A., Britt E.B., Fu X. et al. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. New Eng J Med. 2013;368:1575–84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romano K.A., Vivas E.I., Amador-Noguez D., Rey F.E. Intestinal microbiota composition modulates choline bioavailability from diet and accumulation of the proatherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide. MBio. 2015;6(2):e02481. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02481-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collins H.L., Drazul-Schrader D., Sulpizio A.C., Koster P.D., Williamson Y., Adelman S.J., Owen K., Sanli T., Bellamine A. L-Carnitine intake and high trimethylamine N-oxide plasma levels correlate with low aortic lesions in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice expressing CETP. Atherosclerosis. 2016;244:29–37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romano K.A., Vivas E.I., Amador-Noguez D., Rey F.E. Intestinal microbiota composition modulates choline bioavailability from diet and accumulation of the proatherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide. MBio. 2015;6(2):e02481. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02481-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кашух Е.А., Ивашкин В.Т. Пробиотики, метаболизм и функциональное состояние сердечно-сосудистой системы. Рос журн гастроэнтерол гепатол колопроктол. 2016;26(1):8–14. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2016-26-1-8-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang W.H., Wang Z., Levison B.S., Koeth R.A., Britt E.B., Fu X. et al. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. New Eng J Med. 2013;368:1575–84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qiu L., Yang D., Tao X., Yu J., Xiong H., Wei H. Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 Attenuates Choline-Induced Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels by Remodeling Gut Microbiota in Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;27(8):1491–9. DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1703.03039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang W.H., Wang Z., Levison B.S., Koeth R.A., Britt E.B., Fu X. et al. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. New Eng J Med. 2013;368:1575–84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tripolt N.J., Leber B., Triebl A., Köfeler H., Stadlbauer V., Sourij H. Effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota supplementation on trimethylamine-N-oxide levels in patients with metabolic syndrome: An open-label, randomized study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;242(1):141–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins H.L., Drazul-Schrader D., Sulpizio A.C., Koster P.D., Williamson Y., Adelman S.J., Owen K., Sanli T., Bellamine A. L-Carnitine intake and high trimethylamine N-oxide plasma levels correlate with low aortic lesions in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice expressing CETP. Atherosclerosis. 2016;244:29–37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boutagy N.E., Neilson A.P., Osterberg K.L., Smithson A.T., Englund T.R., Davy B.M., Hulver M.W., Davy K.P. Probiotic supplementation and trimethylamine-N-oxide production following a high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(12):2357–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins H.L., Drazul-Schrader D., Sulpizio A.C., Koster P.D., Williamson Y., Adelman S.J., Owen K., Sanli T., Bellamine A. L-Carnitine intake and high trimethylamine N-oxide plasma levels correlate with low aortic lesions in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice expressing CETP. Atherosclerosis. 2016;244:29–37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Кашух Е.А. Влияние потребления продуктов, содержащих L-карнитин и фосфатидилхолин, на продукцию проатерогенного метаболита триметиламин-N-оксида и кишечный микробиом у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца. Вопр. питания. 2019; 88(4): 25-33. doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashukh Y.A., Ivashkin V.T. Probiotics, metabolism and the functional condition of cardio-vascular system. Russ J Gastroenterol Hepatol Coloproctol. 2016;26(1):8–14 (In Russ.) DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2016-26-1-8-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">-10038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashukh Y.A., Ivashkin V.T. Probiotics, metabolism and the functional condition of cardio-vascular system. Russ J Gastroenterol Hepatol Coloproctol. 2016;26(1):8–14 (In Russ.) DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2016-26-1-8-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponziani F.R., Zocco M.A., D’Aversa F., Pompili M., Gasbarrini A. Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: Disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(25):4491–9. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i25.4491</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qiu L., Yang D., Tao X., Yu J., Xiong H., Wei H. Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 Attenuates Choline-Induced Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels by Remodeling Gut Microbiota in Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;27(8):1491–9. DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1703.03039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Масленников Р.В., Дрига А.А., Ивашкин К.В., Жаркова М.С., Маевская М.В., Павлов Ч.С., Арсланян М.Г., Мусина Н.Б., Березина Е.Н., Ивашкин В.Т. Роль синдрома избыточного бактериального роста и системного воспаления в патогенезе гемодинамических изменений у больных циррозом печени. Рос журн гастроэнтерол гепатол колопроктол. 2017;27(3):45–56. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-3-45-56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qiu L., Yang D., Tao X., Yu J., Xiong H., Wei H. Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 Attenuates Choline-Induced Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels by Remodeling Gut Microbiota in Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;27(8):1491–9. DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1703.03039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rerksuppaphol S., Rerksuppaphol L.A. Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus Plus Bifidobacterium bifidum versus Placebo in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(3):KC01–4. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/11867.5728</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tripolt N.J., Leber B., Triebl A., Köfeler H., Stadlbauer V., Sourij H. Effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota supplementation on trimethylamine-N-oxide levels in patients with metabolic syndrome: An open-label, randomized study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;242(1):141–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomaro-Duchesneau C., Jones M.L., Shah D., Jain P., Saha S., Prakash S. Cholesterol assimilation by Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria: an in vitro investigation. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:380316. DOI: 10.1155/2014/380316</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tripolt N.J., Leber B., Triebl A., Köfeler H., Stadlbauer V., Sourij H. Effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota supplementation on trimethylamine-N-oxide levels in patients with metabolic syndrome: An open-label, randomized study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;242(1):141–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boutagy N.E., Neilson A.P., Osterberg K.L., Smithson A.T., Englund T.R., Davy B.M., Hulver M.W., Davy K.P. Probiotic supplementation and trimethylamine-N-oxide production following a high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(12):2357–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boutagy N.E., Neilson A.P., Osterberg K.L., Smithson A.T., Englund T.R., Davy B.M., Hulver M.W., Davy K.P. Probiotic supplementation and trimethylamine-N-oxide production following a high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(12):2357–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boutagy N.E., Neilson A.P., Osterberg K.L., Smithson A.T., Englund T.R., Davy B.M., Hulver M.W., Davy K.P. Probiotic supplementation and trimethylamine-N-oxide production following a high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(12):2357–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boutagy N.E., Neilson A.P., Osterberg K.L., Smithson A.T., Englund T.R., Davy B.M., Hulver M.W., Davy K.P. Probiotic supplementation and trimethylamine-N-oxide production following a high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(12):2357–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivashkin V.T., Kashukh Ye.A. Impact of L-carnitine and phosphatidylcholine containing products on the proatherogenic metabolite TMAO production and gut microbiome changes in patients with coronary artery disease. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2019; 88 (4): 25-33. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2019-10038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Kashukh Ye.A. Impact of L-carnitine and phosphatidylcholine containing products on the proatherogenic metabolite TMAO production and gut microbiome changes in patients with coronary artery disease. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2019; 88 (4): 25-33. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2019-10038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivashkin V.T., Kashukh Ye.A. Impact of L-carnitine and phosphatidylcholine containing products on the proatherogenic metabolite TMAO production and gut microbiome changes in patients with coronary artery disease. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2019; 88 (4): 25-33. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2019-10038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Kashukh Ye.A. Impact of L-carnitine and phosphatidylcholine containing products on the proatherogenic metabolite TMAO production and gut microbiome changes in patients with coronary artery disease. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2019; 88 (4): 25-33. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2019-10038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponziani F.R., Zocco M.A., D’Aversa F., Pompili M., Gasbarrini A. Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: Disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(25):4491–9. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i25.4491</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponziani F.R., Zocco M.A., D’Aversa F., Pompili M., Gasbarrini A. Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: Disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(25):4491–9. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i25.4491</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponziani F.R., Zocco M.A., D’Aversa F., Pompili M., Gasbarrini A. Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: Disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(25):4491–9. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i25.4491</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponziani F.R., Zocco M.A., D’Aversa F., Pompili M., Gasbarrini A. Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: Disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(25):4491–9. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i25.4491</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maslennikov R.V., Driga A.A., Ivashkin K.V., Zharkova M.S., Mayevskaya M.V., Pavlov C.S., Arslanyan M.G., Musina N.B., Berezina Y.N., Ivashkin V.T. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome and systemic inflammation in pathogenesis of hemodynamic changes at liver cirrhosis. Russ J Gastroenterol Hepatol Coloproctol. 2017;27(3):45–56 (In Russ.)]. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-3-45-56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslennikov R.V., Driga A.A., Ivashkin K.V., Zharkova M.S., Mayevskaya M.V., Pavlov C.S., Arslanyan M.G., Musina N.B., Berezina Y.N., Ivashkin V.T. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome and systemic inflammation in pathogenesis of hemodynamic changes at liver cirrhosis. Russ J Gastroenterol Hepatol Coloproctol. 2017;27(3):45–56 (In Russ.)]. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-3-45-56</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maslennikov R.V., Driga A.A., Ivashkin K.V., Zharkova M.S., Mayevskaya M.V., Pavlov C.S., Arslanyan M.G., Musina N.B., Berezina Y.N., Ivashkin V.T. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome and systemic inflammation in pathogenesis of hemodynamic changes at liver cirrhosis. Russ J Gastroenterol Hepatol Coloproctol. 2017;27(3):45–56 (In Russ.)]. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-3-45-56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslennikov R.V., Driga A.A., Ivashkin K.V., Zharkova M.S., Mayevskaya M.V., Pavlov C.S., Arslanyan M.G., Musina N.B., Berezina Y.N., Ivashkin V.T. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome and systemic inflammation in pathogenesis of hemodynamic changes at liver cirrhosis. Russ J Gastroenterol Hepatol Coloproctol. 2017;27(3):45–56 (In Russ.)]. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-3-45-56</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rerksuppaphol S., Rerksuppaphol L.A. Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus Plus Bifidobacterium bifidum versus Placebo in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(3):KC01–4. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/11867.5728</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rerksuppaphol S., Rerksuppaphol L.A. Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus Plus Bifidobacterium bifidum versus Placebo in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(3):KC01–4. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/11867.5728</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rerksuppaphol S., Rerksuppaphol L.A. Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus Plus Bifidobacterium bifidum versus Placebo in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(3):KC01–4. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/11867.5728</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rerksuppaphol S., Rerksuppaphol L.A. Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus Plus Bifidobacterium bifidum versus Placebo in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(3):KC01–4. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/11867.5728</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomaro-Duchesneau C., Jones M.L., Shah D., Jain P., Saha S., Prakash S. Cholesterol assimilation by Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria: an in vitro investigation. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:380316. DOI: 10.1155/2014/380316</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomaro-Duchesneau C., Jones M.L., Shah D., Jain P., Saha S., Prakash S. Cholesterol assimilation by Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria: an in vitro investigation. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:380316. DOI: 10.1155/2014/380316</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomaro-Duchesneau C., Jones M.L., Shah D., Jain P., Saha S., Prakash S. Cholesterol assimilation by Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria: an in vitro investigation. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:380316. DOI: 10.1155/2014/380316</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomaro-Duchesneau C., Jones M.L., Shah D., Jain P., Saha S., Prakash S. Cholesterol assimilation by Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria: an in vitro investigation. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:380316. DOI: 10.1155/2014/380316</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
