<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-6-69-85</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-523</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ АССОЦИАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL GUIDELINES OF THE RUSSIAN GASTROENTEROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Диагностика и лечение запора у взрослых (Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации и Ассоциации колопроктологов России)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical Recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association and Association of Coloproctologists of Russia on Diagnosis and Treatment of Constipation in Adults</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6815-6015</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивашкин</surname><given-names>В. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivashkin</surname><given-names>V. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ивашкин Владимир Трофимович — доктор медицинских наук, академик РАН, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского; директор клиники пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии им. В.Х. Василенко</p><p>119435, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir T. Ivashkin — Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine; Head of Vasilenko Clinic of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology</p><p>19435, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kont07@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-9362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шелыгин</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shelygin</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шелыгин Юрий Анатольевич — академик РАН, профессор, доктор медицинских наук, директор</p><p>123423, г. Москва, ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury А. Shelygin — Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head</p><p>123423, Moscow, Salyama Adilya str., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@gnck.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6114-564X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маев Игорь Вениаминович — академик РАН, профессор, доктор медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней и гастроэнтерологии</p><p>127473, г. Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor V. Maev — Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Chair of Internal Medicine Propedeutics and Gastroenterology</p><p>127473, Moscow, Delegatskaya str., 20, bld. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">igormaev@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1395-9566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шептулин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheptulin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шептулин Аркадий Александрович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p><p>119435, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arkadiy A. Sheptulin — Dr. Sci (Med.), Prof., Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>119435, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arkalshep@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8863-2229</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алешин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleshin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алешин Денис Викторович — кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий операционным блоком</p><p>123423, г. Москва, ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis V. Aleshin — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of Operational Unit, Oncology and Colon Surgery Department</p><p>123423, Moscow, Salyama Adilya, 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aleshindv@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9294-5447</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ачкасов</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Achkasov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ачкасов Сергей Иванович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, научный руководитель отдела онкологии и хирургии ободочной кишки</p><p>123423 г. Москва, ул. Саляма Адиля, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey I. Achkasov — Dr. Sci (Med.), Prof., Head of Oncology and Coloproctology Department</p><p>123423 Moscow, Salam Adil str., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">achkasvy@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранская</surname><given-names>Е. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranskaya</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баранская Елена Константиновна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p><p>119991, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena K. Baranskaya — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Departament of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>119991, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ebaranskaya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9097-1713</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куликова</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulikova</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Куликова Наталья Дмитриевна — врач-гастроэнтеролог, аспирант кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p><p>119435, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia D. Kulikova — gastroenterologist, postgraduate of Department of Internal Disease Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology</p><p>19435, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kulikovanatalia93@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-8725</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапина</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapina</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лапина Татьяна Львовна — кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p><p>119435, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana L. Lapina — Cand. Sci. (Med), Assoc. Prof. of Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology</p><p>119435, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tatlapina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Москалев</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moskalev</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москалев Алексей Игоревич — кандидат медицинских наук, руководитель научно-образовательного отдела</p><p>123423, г. Москва, ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moskalev Alex I. — Cand. Sci. (Med), Head of the Educational Department</p><p>123423, Moscow, Salam Adil str., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex.moskalev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипенко</surname><given-names>М. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipenko</surname><given-names>M. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Осипенко Марина Федоровна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>630091, Новосибирск, Красный проспект, 52</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina F. Osipenko — Dr. Sci (Med.), Prof., Head of the Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics</p><p>630091, Novosibirsk, Krasnyi ave., 52</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ngma@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1312-120X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полуэктова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poluektova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полуэктова Елена Александровна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p><p>119435 г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Poluektova — Dr. Sci (Med.), Prof., Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>119435, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polouektova@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1956-0070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симаненков</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Simanenkov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Симаненков Владимир Ильич — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры внутренних болезней, клинической фармакологии и нефрологии</p><p>191015, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir I. Simanenkov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Chair of Internal Diseases, Clinical Pharmacology and Nephrology</p><p>191015, St.-Petersburg, Kirochnaya str., 41</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">visimanenkov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3362-2968</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трухманов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trukhmanov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Трухманов Александр Сергеевич — доктор медицинских наук, профеcсор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p><p>119435, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander S. Trukhmanov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>19435, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">troukh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9603-6988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоменко</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomenko</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фоменко Оксана Юрьевна — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, руководитель лаборатории клинической патофизиологии</p><p>123423, Москва, ул. Саляма Адиля, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana Yu. Fomenko — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof., Head of the Laboratory of Clinical Pathophysiology</p><p>123423, Moscow, Salam Adil str., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oksana671@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8148-2862</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шифрин</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shifrin</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шифрин Олег Самуилович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского; заведующий отделением хронических заболеваний кишечника и поджелудочной железы клиники пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии им. В.Х. Василенко</p><p>119435, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg S. Shifrin — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine; Head of Department of Chronic Diseases of the Intestines and Pancreas, Vasilenko Clinic of the Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gas troenterology and Gepatology</p><p>119435, Moscow, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oleg_shifrin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет) Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. А.Н. Рыжих» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ивашкин В.Т., Шелыгин Ю.А., Маев И.В., Шептулин А.А., Алешин Д.В., Ачкасов С.И., Баранская Е.К., Куликова Н.Д., Лапина Т.Л., Москалев А.И., Осипенко М.Ф., Полуэктова Е.А., Симаненков В.И., Трухманов А.С., Фоменко О.Ю., Шифрин О.С., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Шелыгин Ю.А., Маев И.В., Шептулин А.А., Алешин Д.В., Ачкасов С.И., Баранская Е.К., Куликова Н.Д., Лапина Т.Л., Москалев А.И., Осипенко М.Ф., Полуэктова Е.А., Симаненков В.И., Трухманов А.С., Фоменко О.Ю., Шифрин О.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Shelygin Y.A., Maev I.V., Sheptulin A.A., Aleshin D.V., Achkasov S.I., Baranskaya E.K., Kulikova N.D., Lapina T.L., Moskalev A.I., Osipenko M.F., Poluektova E.A., Simanenkov V.I., Trukhmanov A.S., Fomenko O.Y., Shifrin O.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/523">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/523</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель представления клинических рекомендаций, предназначенных для врачей-гастроэнтерологов, врачей общей практики и врачей-терапевтов, заключается в изложении современных методов диагностики и лечения запора.Основное содержание. Выделяют первичный (функциональный) запор и вторичный запор, являющийся симптомом другого заболевания. Диагностика причин возникновения запора предполагает проведение колоноскопии (особенно пациентам старше 50 лет, имеющим «симптомы тревоги», с наследственной предрасположенностью к колоректальному раку). По показаниям применяются также определение времени транзита содержимого по кишечнику с помощью рентгеноконтрастных маркеров, тест изгнания баллона, аноректальная манометрия, дефекография, электромиография. Лечение запора должно быть комплексным и включать в себя изменение образа жизни, диетотерапию, применение лекарственных препаратов (оболочка семян подорожника овального, макрогол, лактулоза, лактитол, контактные слабительные, прукалоприд). У тех пациентов, у которых консервативная терапия оказывается недостаточно эффективной и значительно снижается качество жизни, рассматривается вопрос о целесообразности хирургического лечения. Заключение. Эффективность лечения запора зависит от правильности установления причин его возникновения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim. Current clinical recommendations are intended to supply gastroenterologists, physicians and general practitioners with modern methods for the diagnosis and treatment of constipation.Key points. Constipation is deﬁned as primary (functional) and secondary form, the latter comprising a manifestation of another illness. The causes of constipation are diagnosed with colonoscopy, especially in patients aged over 50 having “anxiety symptoms” and hereditary colorectal oncological predisposition. Indications may also include the bowel transit time estimation with radiopaque markers, balloon expulsion test, anorectal manometry, defecography and electromyography. Therapy for constipation should be comprehensive and concern lifestyle, diet recommendations and use of medications (psyllium, macrogol, lactulose, lactitol, contact laxatives, prucalopride). Patients with a less eﬀective conservative therapy and largely reduced quality of life should be considered for surgical intervention.Conclusion. An eﬀective therapy for constipation requires a correct diagnosis of its causes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>запор</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>слабительные средства</kwd><kwd>хирургическое лечение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>constipation</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>laxatives</kwd><kwd>surgical treatment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lacy B.E., Mearin F., Lin Chang, Chey W.D., Lembo A.J., Simren M., et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1393–407. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lacy B.E., Mearin F., Lin Chang, Chey W.D., Lembo A.J., Simren M., et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1393–407. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tariq S.H. Constipation in long-term care. Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007;8(4):209–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2007.02.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tariq S.H. Constipation in long-term care. Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007;8(4):209–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2007.02.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bharucha A.E. Constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21(4):709–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bharucha A.E. Constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21(4):709–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wald A., Scarpignato C., Müller-Lissner S., Kamm M.A., Hinkel U., et al. A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(7):917–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wald A., Scarpignato C., Müller-Lissner S., Kamm M.A., Hinkel U., et al. A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(7):917–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yost K.J., Haan M.N., Levine R.A., Gold E.B., et al. Comparing SF-36 scores across three groups of women with different health profiles. Qual Life Res. 2005;14:1251–61. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-004-6673-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yost K.J., Haan M.N., Levine R.A., Gold E.B., et al. Comparing SF-36 scores across three groups of women with different health profiles. Qual Life Res. 2005;14:1251–61. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-004-6673-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chatoor D., Emmanuel A. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;23(4):517–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chatoor D., Emmanuel A. Constipation and evacuation disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;23(4):517–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rao S.S. Constipation: evaluation and treatment of colonic and anorectal motility disorders. Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am. 2009;19:117–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2008.12.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rao S.S. Constipation: evaluation and treatment of colonic and anorectal motility disorders. Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am. 2009;19:117–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2008.12.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rao S.S., Hatfield R., Soffer E., Rao S., Braty J., Conklin J.L., et al. Manometric tests of anorectal function in healthy adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:773–83. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00950.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rao S.S., Hatfield R., Soffer E., Rao S., Braty J., Conklin J.L., et al. Manometric tests of anorectal function in healthy adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:773–83. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00950.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карпухин О.Ю., Елеев А.А., Кутырева М.П., Юсупова А.Ф., Ханнанов А.А., Закиров Р.Х. Использование оригинальных рентгеноконтрастных маркеров в диагностике хронического запора. Kолопроктология. 2016;56(2):6–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karpuchin O.Yu., Eleev A.A., Kutyreva M.P., Khannanov A.A., Zakirov P.H. Use of original radiopaque markers in the diagnosis of chronic constipation. Coloproctology. 2016;56(2):6–11 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whitehead W.E., Wald A., Diamant N.E., Enck P., Pemberton J.H., Rao S.S. Functional disorders of the anus and rectum. Gut. 1999;45(Suppl. 2):1155–9. DOI: 10.1136/gut.45.2008.ii55</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitehead W.E., Wald A., Diamant N.E., Enck P., Pemberton J.H., Rao S.S. Functional disorders of the anus and rectum. Gut. 1999;45(Suppl. 2):1155–9. DOI: 10.1136/gut.45.2008.ii55</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Athanasiadis S., Kuprian A., Stüben R. Electromyographic activity of the external anal sphincter muscle and the puborectal muscle in the defecation test in patients with obstructive defecation disorders. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1994;379(4):204–9. DOI: 10.1007/BF00186359</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Athanasiadis S., Kuprian A., Stüben R. Electromyographic activity of the external anal sphincter muscle and the puborectal muscle in the defecation test in patients with obstructive defecation disorders. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1994;379(4):204–9. DOI: 10.1007/BF00186359</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleming V., Wade W.E. A review of laxative therapies for treatment of chronic constipation in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8(6):514–50. DOI: 10.1016/S1543-5946(10)80003-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleming V., Wade W.E. A review of laxative therapies for treatment of chronic constipation in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8(6):514–50. DOI: 10.1016/S1543-5946(10)80003-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee-Robichaud H., Thomas K., Morgan J., Nelson R.L. Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD007570. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee-Robichaud H., Thomas K., Morgan J., Nelson R.L. Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD007570. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller L.E., Tennila J., Ouwehand A.C. Efficacy and tolerance of lactitol supplementation for adult constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2014;12(7):241–8. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S58952</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller L.E., Tennila J., Ouwehand A.C. Efficacy and tolerance of lactitol supplementation for adult constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2014;12(7):241–8. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S58952</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tack J., Müller-Lissner S. Treatment of chronic constipation: current pharmacologic approaches and future directions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:502–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.12.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tack J., Müller-Lissner S. Treatment of chronic constipation: current pharmacologic approaches and future directions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:502–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.12.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petticrew M., Rodgers M., Booth A. Effectiveness of laxatives in adults. Qual Health Care. 2001;10(4):268–73. DOI: 10.1136/qhc.0100268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petticrew M., Rodgers M., Booth A. Effectiveness of laxatives in adults. Qual Health Care. 2001;10(4):268–73. DOI: 10.1136/qhc.0100268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dupont C., Leluyer B., Maamri N.,Morali A., Joye J.P., Fiorini J.M., et al. Double-blind randomized еvaluation of clinical and biological tolerance of polyethylene glycol 4000 versus lactulose in constipated children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41:625–33. DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000181188.01887.78</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dupont C., Leluyer B., Maamri N.,Morali A., Joye J.P., Fiorini J.M., et al. Double-blind randomized еvaluation of clinical and biological tolerance of polyethylene glycol 4000 versus lactulose in constipated children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41:625–33. DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000181188.01887.78</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Migeon-Duballet I., Chabin M., Gautier A., Mistouflet T., Bonnet M., Aubert J.M., et al. Long-tеrm efficacy and cost-effectiveness of polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolytes in chronic constipation: a retrospective study in a disabled population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1227–35. DOI: 10.1185/030079906X112543</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Migeon-Duballet I., Chabin M., Gautier A., Mistouflet T., Bonnet M., Aubert J.M., et al. Long-tеrm efficacy and cost-effectiveness of polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolytes in chronic constipation: a retrospective study in a disabled population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1227–35. DOI: 10.1185/030079906X112543</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сorazziari E., Badialy D., Bazzocchi G., Bassotti G., Roselli P, Mastropaolo G., et al. Long-term efficacy, safety and tolerability of low doses of isosmotic polyethylene glycol electrolyte balanced solution [PMF-100] in the treatment of functional chronic constipation. Gut. 2000;46:522–6. DOI: 10.1136/gut.46.4.522</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сorazziari E., Badialy D., Bazzocchi G., Bassotti G., Roselli P, Mastropaolo G., et al. Long-term efficacy, safety and tolerability of low doses of isosmotic polyethylene glycol electrolyte balanced solution [PMF-100] in the treatment of functional chronic constipation. Gut. 2000;46:522–6. DOI: 10.1136/gut.46.4.522</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loening-Baucke V., Pashankar D. A randomized, prospective study of polyethylene glycol 3350 without electrolytes and milk of magnesia for children with constipation and fecal incontinence. Pediatrics. 2006;118:528–35. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-0220</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loening-Baucke V., Pashankar D. A randomized, prospective study of polyethylene glycol 3350 without electrolytes and milk of magnesia for children with constipation and fecal incontinence. Pediatrics. 2006;118:528–35. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-0220</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denis P., Lerebours E. Study of the long-term tolerance of Forlax in 16 patients treated for an average of 17 months for chronic constipation. Med Chir Digest. 1996;25(5):1–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denis P., Lerebours E. Study of the long-term tolerance of Forlax in 16 patients treated for an average of 17 months for chronic constipation. Med Chir Digest. 1996;25(5):1–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черемушкин С.В., Кучерявый Ю.А. Ретроспективная оценка эффекта последействия при лечении хронического запора. Врач. 2013;3:58–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheremushkin S.B., Kucheryavyy Yu.A. Retrospective evaluation of the aftereffect in the treatment of chronic constipation. Vrach. 2013;3:58–62 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosshard W., Dreher R., Schnegg J., Bula C. The treatment of chronic constipation in elderly people: an update. Drugs Aging. 2004;21:911–30. DOI: 10.2165/00002512200421140-00002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosshard W., Dreher R., Schnegg J., Bula C. The treatment of chronic constipation in elderly people: an update. Drugs Aging. 2004;21:911–30. DOI: 10.2165/00002512200421140-00002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American College of Gastroenterology Task Force on Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Brandt L.J., Chey W.D., Foxx-Orenstein A.E., Schiller L.R., Schoenfeld P.S., Spiegel B.M., et al. An evidence-based position statement on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104 Suppl 1:S1–35. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.122</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American College of Gastroenterology Task Force on Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Brandt L.J., Chey W.D., Foxx-Orenstein A.E., Schiller L.R., Schoenfeld P.S., Spiegel B.M., et al. An evidence-based position statement on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104 Suppl 1:S1–35. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stanghellini V., Vandeplassche L., Kerstens R. Best response distribution of 12-week treatment with prucalopride (RESOLOR) in patients with chronic constipation: combined results of three randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled phase III trials. Gut. 2011;60(Suppl. 1):159–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stanghellini V., Vandeplassche L., Kerstens R. Best response distribution of 12-week treatment with prucalopride (RESOLOR) in patients with chronic constipation: combined results of three randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled phase III trials. Gut. 2011;60(Suppl. 1):159–60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camilleri M., Van Outryve M.J., Beynes G., Kerstens R., Vandeplassche L. Clinical trial: the efficacy of open-label prucalopride treatment in patients with chronic constipation — follow-up of patients from the pivotal studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(9):1113–23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04455.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camilleri M., Van Outryve M.J., Beynes G., Kerstens R., Vandeplassche L. Clinical trial: the efficacy of open-label prucalopride treatment in patients with chronic constipation — follow-up of patients from the pivotal studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(9):1113–23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04455.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arebi N., Kalli T., Howson W., Clark S., Norton C. Systematic review of abdominal surgery for chronic idiopathic constipation. Colorectal Disease. 2011;13(12):1335–43. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02465.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arebi N., Kalli T., Howson W., Clark S., Norton C. Systematic review of abdominal surgery for chronic idiopathic constipation. Colorectal Disease. 2011;13(12):1335–43. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02465.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pfeifer J., Agachan F., Wexner S.D. Surgery for constipation: a review. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39(4):444–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pfeifer J., Agachan F., Wexner S.D. Surgery for constipation: a review. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39(4):444–60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knowles C.H., Dinning P.G., Pescatory M., Rintala R., Rosen H. Surgical management of constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21(Suppl. 2):62–71. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01405.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knowles C.H., Dinning P.G., Pescatory M., Rintala R., Rosen H. Surgical management of constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21(Suppl. 2):62–71. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01405.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bharucha A.E., Pemberton J.H., Locke G.R. 3 rd American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(1):218–38. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bharucha A.E., Pemberton J.H., Locke G.R. 3 rd American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(1):218–38. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knowles C.H., Grossi U., Chapman M., Mason J.; NIHR CapaCiTY working group; Pelvic floor Society. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations: Results I: Colonic resection. Colorectal Dis. 2017;19(Suppl. 3):17–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knowles C.H., Grossi U., Chapman M., Mason J.; NIHR CapaCiTY working group; Pelvic floor Society. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations: Results I: Colonic resection. Colorectal Dis. 2017;19(Suppl. 3):17–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dudekula A., Huftless S., Bielefeldt K. Colectomy for constipation: time trends and impact based on the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 1998–2011. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(11–12):1281–93. DOI: 10.1111/apt.13415</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dudekula A., Huftless S., Bielefeldt K. Colectomy for constipation: time trends and impact based on the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 1998–2011. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(11–12):1281–93. DOI: 10.1111/apt.13415</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang C.Q., Qian Q., Liu Z.S., Bangoura G., Zheng K.Y., Wu Y.H. Subtotal colectomy with antiperistaltic cecoproctostomy for selected patients with slow transit constipation-from Chinese report. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23(12):1251–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-008-0552-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang C.Q., Qian Q., Liu Z.S., Bangoura G., Zheng K.Y., Wu Y.H. Subtotal colectomy with antiperistaltic cecoproctostomy for selected patients with slow transit constipation-from Chinese report. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23(12):1251–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-008-0552-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li F., Fu T., Tong W., Zhang A., Li C ., Gao Y., et al. Effect of different surgical options on curative effect, nutrition, and health status of patients with slow transit constipation. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1551–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-014-2014-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li F., Fu T., Tong W., Zhang A., Li C ., Gao Y., et al. Effect of different surgical options on curative effect, nutrition, and health status of patients with slow transit constipation. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1551–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-014-2014-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun J.W., Gu J.N., Du P., Chen W. Comparison of two types of colectomy in treating slow transit constipation with or without melanosis coli. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:9736–40. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i33.9736</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun J.W., Gu J.N., Du P., Chen W. Comparison of two types of colectomy in treating slow transit constipation with or without melanosis coli. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:9736–40. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i33.9736</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng Y., Jianjiang L. Functional outcomes of two types of subtotal colectomy for slow transit constipation: ileosigmoidal anastomosis and cecorectal anastomosis. Am J Surg. 2008;195:73–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.02.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng Y., Jianjiang L. Functional outcomes of two types of subtotal colectomy for slow transit constipation: ileosigmoidal anastomosis and cecorectal anastomosis. Am J Surg. 2008;195:73–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.02.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koutsomanis D., Lennard-Jones J.E., Roy A.J., Kamm W.A. Controlled randomized trial of visual biofeedback versus muscle training without a visual display for intractable constipation. Gut. 1995;37(1):95–9. DOI: 10.1136/gut.37.1.95</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koutsomanis D., Lennard-Jones J.E., Roy A.J., Kamm W.A. Controlled randomized trial of visual biofeedback versus muscle training without a visual display for intractable constipation. Gut. 1995;37(1):95–9. DOI: 10.1136/gut.37.1.95</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woodward S., Norton C., Chiarelli P. Biofeedback for treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adelts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;26(3):CD008486. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008486.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woodward S., Norton C., Chiarelli P. Biofeedback for treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adelts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;26(3):CD008486. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008486.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernini A., Madoff R.D., Lowry A.C., Spencer M.P., Gemlo B.T., Jensen L.L., et al. Should patients with combined colonic inertia and nonrelaxing pelvic floor undergo subtotal colectomy? Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:1363–6. DOI: 10.1007/BF02237050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernini A., Madoff R.D., Lowry A.C., Spencer M.P., Gemlo B.T., Jensen L.L., et al. Should patients with combined colonic inertia and nonrelaxing pelvic floor undergo subtotal colectomy? Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:1363–6. DOI: 10.1007/BF02237050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reshef A., Alves Ferreira P., Zutshi M., Hull T., Gurland B., et al. Colectomy for slow transit constipation: effective for patients with coexistent obstructed defecation. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28:841–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1498-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reshef A., Alves Ferreira P., Zutshi M., Hull T., Gurland B., et al. Colectomy for slow transit constipation: effective for patients with coexistent obstructed defecation. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28:841–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1498-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nyam D.C., Pemberton J.H., Ilstrup D.M., Rath D.M. Long-term results of surgery for chronic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:273–9. DOI: 10.1007/BF02050415</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nyam D.C., Pemberton J.H., Ilstrup D.M., Rath D.M. Long-term results of surgery for chronic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:273–9. DOI: 10.1007/BF02050415</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassan I., Pemberton J.H., Young-Fadok T.M., You Y.N., Drelichman E.R., Rath-Harvey D., et al. Ileorectal anastomosis for slow transit constipation: long-term functional and quality of life results. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10:1330–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2006.09.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassan I., Pemberton J.H., Young-Fadok T.M., You Y.N., Drelichman E.R., Rath-Harvey D., et al. Ileorectal anastomosis for slow transit constipation: long-term functional and quality of life results. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10:1330–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2006.09.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Маев И.В., Шептулин А.А., Трухманов А.С., Полуэктова Е. А., Баранская Е.К., и др. Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по диагностике и лечению взрослых пациентов с хроническим запором. Рос журн гастроэнтерол гепатол колопроктол. 2017;27(3):75–83. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-3-75-83</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Maev I.V., Sheptulin A.A.,Trukhmanov A.S., Poluektova Ye.A., Baranskaya Ye.K., et al. Diagnostics and treatment of chronic constipation in adults: clinical guidelines of the Russian gastroenterological association. Rus J gastroenterol hepatol coloproctol. 2017;27(3):75–83 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-3-75-83</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
