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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2016-4-36-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-70</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по диагностике и лечению ахалазии кардии и кардиоспазма</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diagnostics and treatment of cardiac achalasia and cardiospasm: guidelines of the Russian gastroenterological association</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивашкин</surname><given-names>В. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivashkin</surname><given-names>V. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трухманов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trukhmanov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">troukh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Годжелло</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Godzhello</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">godjello@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mayev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евсютина</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evsyutina</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапина</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapina</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сторонова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Storonova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">State educational government-financed institution of higher professional education «Sechenov First Moscow state medical university»<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">State educational government-financed institution of higher professional education «Sechenov First Moscow state medical university»<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery of Russian Academy of Medical Science<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБОУ ВПО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А. И. Евдокимова»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">State educational government-financed institution of higher professional education «Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry»<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ивашкин В.Т., Трухманов А.С., Годжелло Э.А., Маев И.В., Евсютина Ю.В., Лапина Т.Л., Сторонова О.А., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Трухманов А.С., Годжелло Э.А., Маев И.В., Евсютина Ю.В., Лапина Т.Л., Сторонова О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Trukhmanov A.S., Godzhello E.A., Mayev I.V., Evsyutina Y.V., Lapina T.L., Storonova O.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/70">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/70</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель обзора. Познакомить практических врачей с клиническими рекомендациями Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по ведению больных с ахалазией кардии и кардиоспазмом. Основные положения. Ахалазия кардии представляет собой первичное нарушение двигательной функции пищевода, проявляющееся нарушением расслабления нижнего пищеводного сфинктера и дефектами перистальтики его грудного отдела. Этиология остается неизвестной. Рассматриваются три основные гипотезы развития болезни: генетическая, инфекционная и аутоиммунная. Клинические проявления болезни - затруднение прохождения твёрдой и жидкой пищи по пищеводу, срыгивание, в некоторых случаях боль в грудной клетке, при тяжёлом течении - кашель и уменьшение массы тела. Дифференциальный диагноз проводят с: кардиоэзофагеальным раком, пептической стриктурой, мембранами и кольцами пищевода, неврогенной анорексией и ишемической болезнью сердца при наличии боли в грудной клетке. При рентгеноконтрастном исследовании обнаруживают расширение и деформацию пищевода, конусовидное сужение в области нижнего пищеводного сфинктера, задержку контрастной массы в пищеводе, отсутствие газового пузыря желудка. При эндоскопии выявляют дилатацию и девиацию просвета пищевода, наличие в нем остатков пищи, жидкости и слизи, равномерность раскрытия кардии при инсуффляции воздуха и возможность проведения эндоскопа в желудок. «Золотым стандартом» обследования пациентов с подозрением на ахалазию является манометрия. В клинических рекомендациях впервые в отечественной литературе представлены новейшие подходы к диагностике ахалазии кардии с помощью метода манометрии пищевода высокого разрешения с использованием современной Чикагской классификации. Эта классификация выделяет три типа ахалазии кардии, и её использование позволяет существенно повысить точность прогноза результатов лечения. Клинические рекомендации содержат детальное описание всех существующих на сего-дняшний день методов лечения ахалазии кардии и кардиоспазма (консервативные, эндоскопические, оперативные), которые направлены на расширение кардии и снижение ее тонуса для улучшения прохождения пищи через область пищеводно-желудочного перехода. Прогноз заболевания благоприятный при своевременной диагностике и лечении; уровень ремиссии в течении 10 лет после проведённой пневмокардиодилатации составляет 75-90%. Однако больные требуют постоянного амбулаторного наблюдения в связи с риском развития рака пищевода (3-8% наблюдений). Заключение. Клинические рекомендации содержат полную современную необходимую для практического врача информацию по диагностике и лечению больных с ахалазией кардии и кардиоспазмом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim of review. To present clinical guidelines of the Russian gastroenterological association on management of cardiac achalasia and cardiospasm to practical doctors. Summary. Cardiac achalasia is primary esophageal motor function disorder manifested by impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and defects of thoracic esophagus peristalsis. Etiology of the disease remains unknown. Three main hypotheses of disease etiology are discussed: genetic, contagious and autoimmune. Clinical symptoms of disease: difficulty of passage of solid and liquid food through the esophagus, vomiting, in certain cases - chest pain; severe disease is accompanied by cough and weight loss. Differential diagnosis is carried out with cardioesophageal cancer, peptic stricture, esophageal webs and rings, neurogenic anorexia and coronary heart disease in the cases with chest pain. Barium meal study reveals dilation and deformity of the esophagus, coneshaped narrowing in the lower esophageal sphincter area, retention of barium contrast in the esophagus, absence of stomach gas bubble. Endoscopy discloses dilation and deviation of esophageal lumen, presence of food remnants, liquids and mucus, uniform opening of cardia at air insufflation and capability of passage of endoscope into the stomach. «The gold standard» of investigation of patients with suspected achalasia is manometry. Clinical guidelines for the first time in Russian literature presents the latest approaches to cardiac achalasia diagnosis by high resolution esophageal manometry with application of modern Chicago classification. This classification defines three types of cardiac achalasia, and its usage provides significant increase of treatment prognosis accuracy. Clinical guidelines contain the detailed description of all up-to-date treatment methods for cardiac achalasia and cardiospasm (conservative, endoscopic, surgical) aimed to dilation of cardia and decrease of its pressure to improve of passage of food through area of gastroesophageal junction. Disease prognosis at timely diagnosis and treatment is favorable; remission rate for 10 years post-pneumocardiodilation ranges 75 to 90%. However patients require constant outpatient monitoring due to esophageal cancer risk (3 to 8% of cases).  Conclusion. Clinical guidelines contain complete modern information, essential for the practical doctor on diagnosis and treatment of cardiac achalasia and cardiospasm.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ахалазия кардии</kwd><kwd>кардиоспазм</kwd><kwd>нижний пищеводный сфинктер</kwd><kwd>мано-метрия высокого разрешения</kwd><kwd>мегаэзофагус</kwd><kwd>дискинезия грудного отдела пищевода</kwd><kwd>боль в грудной клетке</kwd><kwd>эзофагит</kwd><kwd>рак пищевода</kwd><kwd>кардиодилатация</kwd><kwd>кардиомиотомия</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аллахвердян А.С., Мазурин В.С. Неполная косая заднебоковая фундопликация при эзофагокардиомиотомии по поводу ахалазии кардии // Грудная и сердечно-сосудистая хирургия. 2007. № 6. С. 32-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Аллахвердян А.С., Мазурин В.С. 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