gastro-jРоссийский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологииRussian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology1382-43762658-6673«Gastro» LLC10.22416/1382-4376-2023-33-5-20-27gastro-j-797Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSРоль наноматериалов в диагностике и лечении острого панкреатитаThe Role of Nanomaterials in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pancreatitishttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2998-152XПономарьС. А.PonomarS. A.

Пономарь Сергей Алексеевич — кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры госпитальной хирургии № 2

119991, г. Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 4

Sergey A. Ponomar — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor at the Department of Hospital Surgery

119991, Moscow, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya str., 2, build. 4

ponomar_s_a@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1847-711XТарабринЕ. А.TarabrinE. A.

Тарабрин Евгений Александрович — доктор медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой госпитальной хирургии № 2

119991, г. Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 4

Evgeniy A. Tarabrin — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Hospital Surgery

119991, Moscow, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya str., 2, build. 4

tarabrin_e_a@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4335-3987БерикхановЗ. Г.BerikhanovZ. G.

Берикханов Зелимхан Гези-Махмаевич — кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры госпитальной хирургии № 2

119991, г. Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 4

Zelimkhan G. Berikhanov — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor at the Department of Hospital Surgery

119991, Moscow, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya str., 2, build. 4

berikkhanov_z_g@staff.sechenov.ruФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian Federation2023121120233352027Copyright © Пономарь С.А., Тарабрин Е.А., Берикханов З.Г., 20232023Пономарь С.А., Тарабрин Е.А., Берикханов З.Г.Ponomar S.A., Tarabrin E.A., Berikhanov Z.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/797Цель обзора

Цель обзора: показать клиническое значение наноматериалов в диагностике и лечении острого панкреатита.

Основные положения

Основные положения. С помощью нанотехнологий удалось разработать наноматериалы, которые улучшили чувствительность лабораторных тестов и магнитно-резонансной томографии в диагностике острого панкреатита. Применение наноматериалов в лечении острого панкреатита способствует купированию воспаления и уменьшения степени повреждения ацинарных клеток поджелудочной железы. Использование наночастиц серебра может решить вопрос устойчивой резистентности бактерий к антибактериальным препаратам.

Заключение

Заключение. Наноматериалы показали высокую эффективность и безопасность в многочисленных экспериментах in vitro и in vivo (на животных) в диагностике и лечении острого панкреатита.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов: авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Аim

Аim: to show the clinical significance of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis.

Key points

Key points. It was possible to develop nanomaterials that improved the sensitivity of laboratory tests and the resolution of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The use of nanomaterials in the treatment of acute pancreatitis helps to relieve inflammation and reduce the degree of damage to the acinar cells of the pancreas. The use of nanoparticles can solve the problem of stable resistance of bacteria to antibacterial drugs.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Nanomaterials have shown high efficacy and safety in numerous in vitro and in vivo (animal) experiments in the diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis.

нанонаукананочастицынаноматериалынаносистемаострый панкреатитвоспаление поджелудочной железыnanosciencenanoparticlesnanomaterialsnanosystemacute pancreatitisinflammation of the pancreasReferencesIannuzzi J.P., King J.A., Leong J.H., Quan J., Windsor J.W., Tanyingoh D., et al. Global incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing over time: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(1):122–34. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.043Iannuzzi J.P., King J.A., Leong J.H., Quan J., Windsor J.W., Tanyingoh D., et al. Global incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing over time: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(1):122–34. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.043Petrov M.S., Yadav D. Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(3):175–84. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0087-5Petrov M.S., Yadav D. Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(3):175–84. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0087-5Xiao A.Y., Tan M.L.Y., Wu L.M., Asrani V.M., Windsor J.A., Yadav D., et al. Global incidence and mortality of pancreatic diseases: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of population-based cohort studies. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(1):45–55. DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30004-8Xiao A.Y., Tan M.L.Y., Wu L.M., Asrani V.M., Windsor J.A., Yadav D., et al. Global incidence and mortality of pancreatic diseases: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of population-based cohort studies. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(1):45–55. DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30004-8Petrov M.S., Shanbhag S., Chakraborty M., Phillips A.R.J., Windsor J.A. Organ failure and infection of pancreatic necrosis as determinants of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(3):813–20. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.010Petrov M.S., Shanbhag S., Chakraborty M., Phillips A.R.J., Windsor J.A. Organ failure and infection of pancreatic necrosis as determinants of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(3):813–20. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.010Gerasimenko J.V., Gryshchenko O., Ferdek P.E., Stapleton E., Hebert T.O.G., Bychkova S., et al. Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel blockade as a potential tool in antipancreatitis therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(32):13186–91. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300910110Gerasimenko J.V., Gryshchenko O., Ferdek P.E., Stapleton E., Hebert T.O.G., Bychkova S., et al. Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel blockade as a potential tool in antipancreatitis therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(32):13186–91. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300910110Aghdassi A.A., John D.S., Sendler M., Weiss F.U., Reinheckel T., Mayerle J., et al. Cathepsin D regulates cathepsin B activation and disease severity predominantly in inflammatory cells during experimental pancreatitis. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(3):1018–29. DOI: 10.1074/jbc. M117.814772Aghdassi A.A., John D.S., Sendler M., Weiss F.U., Reinheckel T., Mayerle J., et al. Cathepsin D regulates cathepsin B activation and disease severity predominantly in inflammatory cells during experimental pancreatitis. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(3):1018–29. DOI: 10.1074/jbc. M117.814772Mukherjee R., Mareninova O.A., Odinokova I.V., Huang W., Murphy J., Chvanov M., et al. Mechanism of mitochondrial permeability transition pore induction and damage in the pancreas: Inhibition prevents acute pancreatitis by protecting production of ATP. Gut. 2016;65(8):1333–46. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308553Mukherjee R., Mareninova O.A., Odinokova I.V., Huang W., Murphy J., Chvanov M., et al. Mechanism of mitochondrial permeability transition pore induction and damage in the pancreas: Inhibition prevents acute pancreatitis by protecting production of ATP. Gut. 2016;65(8):1333–46. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308553Zeng Y., Wang X., Zhang W., Wu K., Ma J. Hypertriglyceridemia aggravates ER stress and pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2012;59(119):2318–26. DOI: 10.5754/hge12042Zeng Y., Wang X., Zhang W., Wu K., Ma J. Hypertriglyceridemia aggravates ER stress and pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2012;59(119):2318–26. DOI: 10.5754/hge12042Lugea A., Tischler D., Nguyen J., Gong J., Gukovsky I., French S.W., et al. Adaptive unfolded protein response attenuates alcohol-induced pancreatic damage. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(3):987–97. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.038Lugea A., Tischler D., Nguyen J., Gong J., Gukovsky I., French S.W., et al. Adaptive unfolded protein response attenuates alcohol-induced pancreatic damage. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(3):987–97. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.038Antonucci L., Fagman J.B., Kim J.Y., Todoric J., Gukovsky I., Mackey M., et al. Basal autophagy maintains pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis and protein synthesis and prevents ER stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(45):E6166–74. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519384112Antonucci L., Fagman J.B., Kim J.Y., Todoric J., Gukovsky I., Mackey M., et al. Basal autophagy maintains pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis and protein synthesis and prevents ER stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(45):E6166–74. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519384112Sun B., Zhen X., Jiang X. Development of mesoporous silica-based nanoprobes for optical bioimaging applications. Biomater Sci. 2021;9(10):3603–20. DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00204jSun B., Zhen X., Jiang X. Development of mesoporous silica-based nanoprobes for optical bioimaging applications. Biomater Sci. 2021;9(10):3603–20. DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00204jMadkhali O.A., Sivagurunathan Moni S., Sultan M.H., Bukhary H.A., Ghazwani M., Alhakamy N.A., et al. Formulation and evaluation of injectable dextran sulfate sodium nanoparticles as a potent antibacterial agent. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):9914. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89330-0Madkhali O.A., Sivagurunathan Moni S., Sultan M.H., Bukhary H.A., Ghazwani M., Alhakamy N.A., et al. Formulation and evaluation of injectable dextran sulfate sodium nanoparticles as a potent antibacterial agent. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):9914. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89330-0Parekh K., Hariharan K., Qu Z., Rewatkar P., Cao Y., Moniruzzaman M., et al. Tacrolimus encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles embedded hydrogel for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Int J Pharm. 2021;608:121079. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121079Parekh K., Hariharan K., Qu Z., Rewatkar P., Cao Y., Moniruzzaman M., et al. Tacrolimus encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles embedded hydrogel for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Int J Pharm. 2021;608:121079. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121079Yang N., Guo H., Cao C., Wang X., Song X., Wang W., et al. Infection microenvironment-activated nanoparticles for NIR-II photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal/ chemodynamic synergistic anti-infective therapy. Biomaterials. 2021;275:120918. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120918Yang N., Guo H., Cao C., Wang X., Song X., Wang W., et al. Infection microenvironment-activated nanoparticles for NIR-II photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal/ chemodynamic synergistic anti-infective therapy. Biomaterials. 2021;275:120918. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120918Chen D., Tang Y., Zhu J., Zhang J., Song X., Wang W., et al. Photothermal-pH-hypoxia responsive multifunctional nanoplatform for cancer photo-chemo therapy with negligible skin phototoxicity. Biomaterials. 2019;221:119422. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119422Chen D., Tang Y., Zhu J., Zhang J., Song X., Wang W., et al. Photothermal-pH-hypoxia responsive multifunctional nanoplatform for cancer photo-chemo therapy with negligible skin phototoxicity. Biomaterials. 2019;221:119422. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119422Matull W.R., Pereira S.P., O'Donohue J.W. Biochemical markers of acute pancreatitis. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59(4):340–4. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2002.002923Matull W.R., Pereira S.P., O'Donohue J.W. Biochemical markers of acute pancreatitis. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59(4):340–4. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2002.002923Yadav D., Agarwal N., Pitchumoni C.S. A critical evaluation of laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(6):1309–18. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05766.xYadav D., Agarwal N., Pitchumoni C.S. A critical evaluation of laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(6):1309–18. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05766.xAttia M.S., Al-Radadi N.S. Progress of pancreatitis disease biomarker alpha amylase enzyme by new nano optical sensor. Biosens Bioelectron. 2016;86:413–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.079Attia M.S., Al-Radadi N.S. Progress of pancreatitis disease biomarker alpha amylase enzyme by new nano optical sensor. Biosens Bioelectron. 2016;86:413–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.079Shi J., Deng Q., Li Y., Zheng M., Chai Z., Wan C., et al. A rapid and ultrasensitive tetraphenylethylene-based probe with aggregation-induced emission for direct detection of α-amylase in human body fluids. Anal Chem. 2018;90(22):13775–82. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04244Shi J., Deng Q., Li Y., Zheng M., Chai Z., Wan C., et al. A rapid and ultrasensitive tetraphenylethylene-based probe with aggregation-induced emission for direct detection of α-amylase in human body fluids. Anal Chem. 2018;90(22):13775–82. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04244Frank B., Gottlieb K. Amylase normal, lipase elevated: is it pancreatitis? A case series and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(2):463–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.878_g.xFrank B., Gottlieb K. Amylase normal, lipase elevated: is it pancreatitis? A case series and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(2):463–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.878_g.xYadav D., Nair S., Norkus E.P., Pitchumoni C.S. Nonspecific hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: incidence and correlation with biochemical abnormalities. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(11):3123–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03279.xYadav D., Nair S., Norkus E.P., Pitchumoni C.S. Nonspecific hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: incidence and correlation with biochemical abnormalities. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(11):3123–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03279.xHeikius B., Niemelä S., Lehtola J., Karttunen T.J. Elevated pancreatic enzymes in inflammatory bowel disease are associated with extensive disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(4):1062–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01015.xHeikius B., Niemelä S., Lehtola J., Karttunen T.J. Elevated pancreatic enzymes in inflammatory bowel disease are associated with extensive disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(4):1062–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01015.xChakraborty D., Sarkar D., Ghosh A.K., Das P.K. Lipase sensing by naphthalene diimide based fluorescent organic nanoparticles: A solvent induced manifestation of self-assembly. Soft Matter. 2021;17(8):2170–80. DOI: 10.1039/ d0sm02056gChakraborty D., Sarkar D., Ghosh A.K., Das P.K. Lipase sensing by naphthalene diimide based fluorescent organic nanoparticles: A solvent induced manifestation of self-assembly. Soft Matter. 2021;17(8):2170–80. DOI: 10.1039/ d0sm02056gShi J., Deng Q., Wan C., Zheng M., Huang F., Tang B. Fluorometric probing of the lipase level as acute pancreatitis biomarkers based on interfacially controlled aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Chem Sci. 2017;8(9):6188– 95. DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02189eShi J., Deng Q., Wan C., Zheng M., Huang F., Tang B. Fluorometric probing of the lipase level as acute pancreatitis biomarkers based on interfacially controlled aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Chem Sci. 2017;8(9):6188– 95. DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02189eSaluja A., Dudeja V., Dawra R., Sah R.P. Early intra-acinar events in pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(7):1979–93. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.268Saluja A., Dudeja V., Dawra R., Sah R.P. Early intra-acinar events in pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(7):1979–93. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.268Guan S., Yue J., Sun W., Xu W., Liang C., Xu S. Ultrasensitive detection of trypsin in serum via nanochannel device. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021;413(20):4939–45. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03491-5Guan S., Yue J., Sun W., Xu W., Liang C., Xu S. Ultrasensitive detection of trypsin in serum via nanochannel device. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021;413(20):4939–45. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03491-5Garg R., Rustagi T. Management of hypertriglyceridemia induced acute pancreatitis. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:4721357. DOI: 10.1155/2018/4721357Garg R., Rustagi T. Management of hypertriglyceridemia induced acute pancreatitis. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:4721357. DOI: 10.1155/2018/4721357Di Tocco A., Robledo S.N., Osuna Y., Sandoval-Cortez J., Granero A.M., Vettorazzi N.R., et al. Development of an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of triglycerides in serum samples based on a lipase/magnetite-chitosan/copper oxide nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/pectin composite. Talanta. 2018;190:30–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.028Di Tocco A., Robledo S.N., Osuna Y., Sandoval-Cortez J., Granero A.M., Vettorazzi N.R., et al. Development of an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of triglycerides in serum samples based on a lipase/magnetite-chitosan/copper oxide nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/pectin composite. Talanta. 2018;190:30–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.028Banks P.A., Bollen T.L., Dervenis C., Gooszen H.G., Johnson C.D., Sarr M.G., et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis — 2012: Revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut. 2013;62(1):102–11. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779Banks P.A., Bollen T.L., Dervenis C., Gooszen H.G., Johnson C.D., Sarr M.G., et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis — 2012: Revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut. 2013;62(1):102–11. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779Zhang H.-W., Wang L.-Q., Xiang Q.-F., Zhong Q., Chen L.-M., Xu C.-X., et al. Specific lipase-responsive polymer-coated gadolinium nanoparticles for MR imaging of early acute pancreatitis. Biomaterials. 2014;35(1):356– 67. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.046Zhang H.-W., Wang L.-Q., Xiang Q.-F., Zhong Q., Chen L.-M., Xu C.-X., et al. Specific lipase-responsive polymer-coated gadolinium nanoparticles for MR imaging of early acute pancreatitis. Biomaterials. 2014;35(1):356– 67. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.046Tian B., Liu R., Chen S., Chen L., Liu F., Jia G., et al. Mannose-coated gadolinium liposomes for improved magnetic resonance imaging in acute pancreatitis. Int J Nanomedicine. 2017;12:1127–41. DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s123290Tian B., Liu R., Chen S., Chen L., Liu F., Jia G., et al. Mannose-coated gadolinium liposomes for improved magnetic resonance imaging in acute pancreatitis. Int J Nanomedicine. 2017;12:1127–41. DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s123290Chuang E.-Y., Lin K.-J., Huang T.-Y., Chen H.-L., Miao Y.-B., Lin P.-Y., et al. An intestinal ‘transformers’-like nanocarrier system for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. ACS Nano. 2018;12(7):6389–97. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00470Chuang E.-Y., Lin K.-J., Huang T.-Y., Chen H.-L., Miao Y.-B., Lin P.-Y., et al. An intestinal ‘transformers’-like nanocarrier system for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. ACS Nano. 2018;12(7):6389–97. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00470Fisic E., Poropat G., Bilic-Zulle L., Licul V., Milic S., Stimac D. The role of IL-6, 8, and 10, sTNFr, CRP, and pancreatic elastase in the prediction of systemic complications in patients with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013;2013:282645. DOI: 10.1155/2013/282645Fisic E., Poropat G., Bilic-Zulle L., Licul V., Milic S., Stimac D. The role of IL-6, 8, and 10, sTNFr, CRP, and pancreatic elastase in the prediction of systemic complications in patients with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013;2013:282645. DOI: 10.1155/2013/282645Pérez S., Pereda J., Sabater L., Sastre J. Redox signaling in acute pancreatitis. Redox Biol. 2015;5:1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.014Pérez S., Pereda J., Sabater L., Sastre J. Redox signaling in acute pancreatitis. Redox Biol. 2015;5:1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.014Khurana A., Anchi P., Allawadhi P., Kumar V., Sayed N., Packirisamy G., et al. Superoxide dismutase mimetic nanoceria restrains cerulein induced acute pancreatitis. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2019;14(14):1805–25. DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0318Khurana A., Anchi P., Allawadhi P., Kumar V., Sayed N., Packirisamy G., et al. Superoxide dismutase mimetic nanoceria restrains cerulein induced acute pancreatitis. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2019;14(14):1805–25. DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0318Kim D.E., Lee Y., Kim M., Lee S., Jon S., Lee S.-H. Bilirubin nanoparticles ameliorate allergic lung inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Biomaterials. 2017;140:37– 44. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.014Kim D.E., Lee Y., Kim M., Lee S., Jon S., Lee S.-H. Bilirubin nanoparticles ameliorate allergic lung inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Biomaterials. 2017;140:37– 44. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.014Yao Q., Jiang X., Kou L., Samuriwo A.T., Xu H.-L., Zhao Y.-Z. Pharmacological actions and therapeutic potentials of bilirubin in islet transplantation for the treatment of diabetes. Pharmacol Res. 2019;145:104256. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104256Yao Q., Jiang X., Kou L., Samuriwo A.T., Xu H.-L., Zhao Y.-Z. Pharmacological actions and therapeutic potentials of bilirubin in islet transplantation for the treatment of diabetes. Pharmacol Res. 2019;145:104256. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104256Kim M.J., Lee Y., Jon S., Lee D.Y. PEGylated bilirubin nanoparticle as an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory demulcent in pancreatic islet xenotransplantation. Biomaterials. 2017;133:242–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.029Kim M.J., Lee Y., Jon S., Lee D.Y. PEGylated bilirubin nanoparticle as an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory demulcent in pancreatic islet xenotransplantation. Biomaterials. 2017;133:242–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.029Chen X., Ji B., Han B., Ernst S.A., Simeone D., Logsdon C.D. NF-κB activation in pancreas induces pancreatic and systemic inflammatory response. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(2):448–57. DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.31060Chen X., Ji B., Han B., Ernst S.A., Simeone D., Logsdon C.D. NF-κB activation in pancreas induces pancreatic and systemic inflammatory response. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(2):448–57. DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.31060Ju S.M., Youn G.S., Cho Y.S., Choi S.Y., Park J. Celastrol ameliorates cytokine toxicity and pro-inflammatory immune responses by suppressing NF-κB activation in RINm5F beta cells. BMB Rep. 2015;48(3):172–7. DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.3.147Ju S.M., Youn G.S., Cho Y.S., Choi S.Y., Park J. Celastrol ameliorates cytokine toxicity and pro-inflammatory immune responses by suppressing NF-κB activation in RINm5F beta cells. BMB Rep. 2015;48(3):172–7. DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.3.147Li H., Yuan Y., Zhang Y., He Q., Xu R., Ge F., et al. Celastrol inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation in orbital fibroblasts through the suppression of NF-κB activity. Mol Med Rep. 2016;14(3):2799–806. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5570Li H., Yuan Y., Zhang Y., He Q., Xu R., Ge F., et al. Celastrol inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation in orbital fibroblasts through the suppression of NF-κB activity. Mol Med Rep. 2016;14(3):2799–806. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5570Zhou X., Cao X., Tu H., Zhang Z.-R., Deng L. Inflammation-targeted delivery of celastrol via neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles in the management of acute pancreatitis. Mol Pharm. 2019;16(3):1397–405. DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01342Zhou X., Cao X., Tu H., Zhang Z.-R., Deng L. Inflammation-targeted delivery of celastrol via neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles in the management of acute pancreatitis. Mol Pharm. 2019;16(3):1397–405. DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01342Serda M., Szewczyk G., Krzysztyńska-Kuleta O., Korzuch J., Dulski M., Musioł R., et al. Developing [60] fullerene nanomaterials for better photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020;6:5930–40. DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00932Serda M., Szewczyk G., Krzysztyńska-Kuleta O., Korzuch J., Dulski M., Musioł R., et al. Developing [60] fullerene nanomaterials for better photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020;6:5930–40. DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00932Wang C., Xiao Y., Zhu W., Chu J., Xu J., Zhao H., et al. Photosensitizer-modified MnO2 nanoparticles to enhance photodynamic treatment of abscesses and boost immune protection for treated mice. Small. 2020;16(28):e2000589. DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000589Wang C., Xiao Y., Zhu W., Chu J., Xu J., Zhao H., et al. Photosensitizer-modified MnO2 nanoparticles to enhance photodynamic treatment of abscesses and boost immune protection for treated mice. Small. 2020;16(28):e2000589. DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000589Chuang E.-Y., Lin K.-J., Huang T.-Y., Chen H.-L., Miao Y.-B., Lin P.-Y., et al. An intestinal ‘transformers’-like nanocarrier system for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. ACS Nano. 2018;12(7):6389–97. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00470Chuang E.-Y., Lin K.-J., Huang T.-Y., Chen H.-L., Miao Y.-B., Lin P.-Y., et al. An intestinal ‘transformers’-like nanocarrier system for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. ACS Nano. 2018;12(7):6389–97. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00470Werge M., Novovic S., Schmidt P.N., Gluud L.L. Infection increases mortality in necrotizing pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreatology. 2016;16(5):698–707. DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.07.004Werge M., Novovic S., Schmidt P.N., Gluud L.L. Infection increases mortality in necrotizing pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreatology. 2016;16(5):698–707. DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.07.004Mowbray N.G., Ben-Ismaeil B., Hammoda M., Shingler G., Al-Sarireh B. The microbiology of infected pancreatic necrosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2018;17(5):456–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.08.007Mowbray N.G., Ben-Ismaeil B., Hammoda M., Shingler G., Al-Sarireh B. The microbiology of infected pancreatic necrosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2018;17(5):456–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.08.007Ali J., Rafiq Q.A., Ratcliffe E. Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and potential synthetic treatments. Future Sci OA. 2018;4(4):FSO290. DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0109Ali J., Rafiq Q.A., Ratcliffe E. Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and potential synthetic treatments. Future Sci OA. 2018;4(4):FSO290. DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0109Panáček A., Kvítek L., Smékalová M., Večeřová R., Kolář M., Röderová M., et al. Bacterial resistance to silver nanoparticles and how to overcome it. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018;13(1):65–71. DOI: 10.1038/s41565-017-0013-yPanáček A., Kvítek L., Smékalová M., Večeřová R., Kolář M., Röderová M., et al. Bacterial resistance to silver nanoparticles and how to overcome it. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018;13(1):65–71. DOI: 10.1038/s41565-017-0013-ySu Z., Sun D., Zhang L., He M., Jiang Y., Millar B., et al. Chitosan/silver nanoparticle/graphene oxide nanocomposites with multi-drug release, antimicrobial, and photothermal conversion functions. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(9):2351. DOI: 10.3390/ma14092351Su Z., Sun D., Zhang L., He M., Jiang Y., Millar B., et al. Chitosan/silver nanoparticle/graphene oxide nanocomposites with multi-drug release, antimicrobial, and photothermal conversion functions. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(9):2351. DOI: 10.3390/ma14092351Xu L., Wang Y.-Y., Huang J., Chen C.-Y., Wang Z.-X., Xie H. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, medical applications and biosafety. Theranostics. 2020;10(20):8996–9031. DOI: 10.7150/thno.45413Xu L., Wang Y.-Y., Huang J., Chen C.-Y., Wang Z.-X., Xie H. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, medical applications and biosafety. Theranostics. 2020;10(20):8996–9031. DOI: 10.7150/thno.45413

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.