<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2016-5-13-20</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-80</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфологические критерии диагноза аутоиммунного гастрита</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological diagnostic criteria of autoimmune gastritis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лосик</surname><given-names>Екатерина Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Losik</surname><given-names>Ye. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Селиванова</surname><given-names>Лилия Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Selivanova</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Львовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapina</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тертычный</surname><given-names>Александр Семенович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tertychny</surname><given-names>Alexander S</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">atertychnyy@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивашкин</surname><given-names>В. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivashkin</surname><given-names>V. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal state educational government-financed institution of higher education «Sechenov First Moscow state medical university»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лосик Е.А., Селиванова Л.С., Антонова Т.В., Лапина Т.Л., Тертычный А.С., Ивашкин В.Т., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лосик Е.А., Селиванова Л.С., Антонова Т.В., Лапина Т.Л., Тертычный А.С., Ивашкин В.Т.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Losik Y.A., Selivanova L.S., Antonova T.V., Lapina T.L., Tertychny A.S., Ivashkin V.T.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/80">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/80</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования. Конкретизировать морфологические признаки аутоиммунного гастрита (АИГ) и уточнить возможности морфологического диагноза заболевания. Материал и методы. Материалом послужили гастробиоптаты 8 больных, полученные при рутинной эзофагогастродуоденоскопии (ЭГДС). Биоптаты обрабатывали по общепринятой методике. Серийные срезы окрашивали гематоксилином и эозином, проводили иммуногистохимическое исследование с антителом к хромогранину А.  Результаты. В работе приводится морфологическая характеристика аутоиммунного гастрита, в том числе у пациентов, первоначальный диагноз у которых был установлен морфологически по результатам исследования биопсийного материала, в отличие от пациентов, у которых аутоиммунный гастрит диагностирован на основании обнаружения в сыворотке крови повышенного уровня антител к париетальным клеткам желудка. Описывается возможность обнаружения полипов или псевдополипов во время ЭГДС, которые при морфологическом исследова нии соответствуют участкам сохранной слизистой оболочки тела желудка или гиперплазированному фовеолярному слою. АИГ может характеризоваться метапластической и неметапластической атрофией (кишечной и псевдопилорической метаплазией), панкреатической метаплазией, воспалительной инфильтрацией с разрушением эпителия желез и эмпериополезом Т-лимфоцитов, а также псевдолипоматозом в зонах лимфоидных скоплений и гиперплазией нейроэндокринных клеток. Заключение. Представленные диагностические признаки у больных аутоиммунным гастритом могут сочетаться, что характерно именно для этой нозологической формы. В сложных случаях при подозрении на АИГ иммуногистохимическая реакция с хромогранином А помогает диагностировать гиперплазию нейроэндокринных ECL-клеток, уточнить ее вариант и подтвердить диагноз.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim of investigation. To specify morphological features of autoimmune gastritis (AIH) and to indicate options for morphological diagnosis of this disease. Material and methods. The gastric biopsy specimens of 8 patients received at routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) were investigated. Biopsy specimens were processed by the standard technique. Serial sections were stained by hematoxyline and eosine, and immunehistochemical standing with anti-chromogranin A antibodies serum. Results. Morphological features of autoimmune gastritis, including cases with primary morphological diagnosis in contrast to the cases with primary serological diagnosis by anti-parietal cells antibodies are presented. The options of polyps or pseudopolyps detection at upper endoscopy are described which at morphological investigation correspond to sites of noninvolved mucosa of the body of stomach or hyperplastic foveolar layer. AIH can be characterized by metaplastic and non-metaplastic atrophy (intestinal and pseudo-pyloric metaplasia), pancreatic metaplasia, inflammatory infiltration with glandular epithelium destruction and T-lymphocyte emperipolesis, as well as by lipomatosis in lymphoid accumulations and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia.  Conclusion. Presented diagnostic features at autoimmune gastritis can be combined that is characteristic for this disease entity. In difficult cases at suspicion for AIH immunehistochemical staining for chromogranin A helps to diagnose neuroendocrine ECL cell hyperplasia, to specify its variant and to confirm the diagnosis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутоиммунный гастрит</kwd><kwd>атрофия</kwd><kwd>гиперплазия нейроэндокринных клеток</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dixon M.F., Genta R.M., Yardley J.H., et al. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney system. International workshop on the histopathology of gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20:1161-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dixon M.F., Genta R.M., Yardley J.H., et al. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney system. International workshop on the histopathology of gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20:1161-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coati I., Fassan M., Farinati F., Graham D.Y., Genta R.M., Rugge M. Autoimmune gastritis: Pathologist’s viewpoint. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(42):12179-89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coati I., Fassan M., Farinati F., Graham D.Y., Genta R.M., Rugge M. Autoimmune gastritis: Pathologist’s viewpoint. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(42):12179-89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лосик Е.А., Коньков М.Ю., Лапина Т.Л., Селиванова Л.С., Тертычный А.С., Ивашкин В.Т. Морфологическая характеристика аутоиммунного гастрита Рос журн гастроэнтерол гепатол колопроктол 2014; 24(1):10-5. [Losik E.A., Kon′kov M.Yu., Lapina T.L., Selivanova L.S., Tertychny A.S., Ivashkin V.T. Morphological features of autoimmune gastritis. Ros zhurn gastroenterol gepatol koloproktol 2014; 24(1):10-5.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лосик Е.А., Коньков М.Ю., Лапина Т.Л., Селиванова Л.С., Тертычный А.С., Ивашкин В.Т. Морфологическая характеристика аутоиммунного гастрита Рос журн гастроэнтерол гепатол колопроктол 2014; 24(1):10-5. [Losik E.A., Kon′kov M.Yu., Lapina T.L., Selivanova L.S., Tertychny A.S., Ivashkin V.T. Morphological features of autoimmune gastritis. Ros zhurn gastroenterol gepatol koloproktol 2014; 24(1):10-5.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torbenson M., Abraham S.C., Boitnott J., Yardley J.H., Wu T. Autoimmune gastritis: Distinct histological and immunohistochemical findings before complete loss of oxyntic glands. Mod Pathol 2002; 15(2):102-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torbenson M., Abraham S.C., Boitnott J., Yardley J.H., Wu T. Autoimmune gastritis: Distinct histological and immunohistochemical findings before complete loss of oxyntic glands. Mod Pathol 2002; 15(2):102-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">www.medunigraz.at/engip/case-of-the-month/june-2013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">www.medunigraz.at/engip/case-of-the-month/june-2013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dirschmid K., Sprenger R., Schobel B., Mathis G., Wohlgenannt D. Atrophy of the corpus mucosa of the stomach simulating polyposis. Z Gastroenterol 1989; 27:633-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dirschmid K., Sprenger R., Schobel B., Mathis G., Wohlgenannt D. Atrophy of the corpus mucosa of the stomach simulating polyposis. Z Gastroenterol 1989; 27:633-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jevremovic D., Torbenson M., Murray J.A., Burgart L.J., Abraham S.C. Atrophic autoimmune pangastritis: A distinctive form of antral and fundic gastritis associated with systemic autoimmune disease. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30(11):1412-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jevremovic D., Torbenson M., Murray J.A., Burgart L.J., Abraham S.C. Atrophic autoimmune pangastritis: A distinctive form of antral and fundic gastritis associated with systemic autoimmune disease. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30(11):1412-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doglioni C., Laurino L., Dei Tos A.P., de Boni M., Franzin G., Braidotti P., Viale G. Pancreatic (acinar) metaplasia of the gastric mucosa. Histology, ultrastructure, immunocytochemistry, and clinicopathologic correlations of 101 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1993; 17(11):1134-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doglioni C., Laurino L., Dei Tos A.P., de Boni M., Franzin G., Braidotti P., Viale G. Pancreatic (acinar) metaplasia of the gastric mucosa. Histology, ultrastructure, immunocytochemistry, and clinicopathologic correlations of 101 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1993; 17(11):1134-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аруин Л.И., Капуллер Л.Л., Исаков В.А. Морфологическая диагностика болезней желудка и кишечника М.: Триада-X, 1998.496 с. [Aruin L.I., Kapuller L.L., Isakov V.A. Morphological diagnosis of stomach diseases and intestine M.: Triad-X, 1998. 496 p.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Аруин Л.И., Капуллер Л.Л., Исаков В.А. Морфологическая диагностика болезней желудка и кишечника М.: Триада-X, 1998.496 с. [Aruin L.I., Kapuller L.L., Isakov V.A. Morphological diagnosis of stomach diseases and intestine M.: Triad-X, 1998. 496 p.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi C., Montgomery E. Gastric lesions in patients with autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) in a tertiary care setting. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:1591-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi C., Montgomery E. Gastric lesions in patients with autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) in a tertiary care setting. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:1591-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stebbing J., Wyatt J.I. Gastric pseudolipomatosis. Histopathology 1998; 32:283-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stebbing J., Wyatt J.I. Gastric pseudolipomatosis. Histopathology 1998; 32:283-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srivastava S., Subramaniam M.M., Guan Y.K., Ming T., Salto-Tellez M. Gastric pseudolipomatosis: biopsy follow-up and immunohistochemical analysis of a rare condition. Histopathology 2011; 58(7):1177-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srivastava S., Subramaniam M.M., Guan Y.K., Ming T., Salto-Tellez M. Gastric pseudolipomatosis: biopsy follow-up and immunohistochemical analysis of a rare condition. Histopathology 2011; 58(7):1177-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alper M., Akcan Y., Belini O.K., et al. Gastric pseudolipomatosis, usual or unusual? Re-evaluation of 909 endoscopic gastric biopsies World J. Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2846-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alper M., Akcan Y., Belini O.K., et al. Gastric pseudolipomatosis, usual or unusual? Re-evaluation of 909 endoscopic gastric biopsies World J. Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2846-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Азанчевская С.В., Иванова В.Ф., Новикова В.П., Аничков Н.М., Антонов П.В. Связь морфологических особенностей париетальных клеток желудка с концентрацией аутоантител к Н+/К+-атфазе при хроническом гастрите. Арх пат 2009; 1:18-23. [Azanchevskaya S.V., Ivanova V.F., Novikova V.P., Anichkov N.M., Antonov P.V. Relation of morphological features of stomach parietal cells to concentration of anti-H+/ K+-ATPase autoantibodies at chronic gastritis. Arkh pat 2009; 1:18-23.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Азанчевская С.В., Иванова В.Ф., Новикова В.П., Аничков Н.М., Антонов П.В. Связь морфологических особенностей париетальных клеток желудка с концентрацией аутоантител к Н+/К+-атфазе при хроническом гастрите. Арх пат 2009; 1:18-23. [Azanchevskaya S.V., Ivanova V.F., Novikova V.P., Anichkov N.M., Antonov P.V. Relation of morphological features of stomach parietal cells to concentration of anti-H+/ K+-ATPase autoantibodies at chronic gastritis. Arkh pat 2009; 1:18-23.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neumann W.L., Coss E., Rugge M., Genta R.M. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis pathogenesis, pathology and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10(9):529-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neumann W.L., Coss E., Rugge M., Genta R.M. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis pathogenesis, pathology and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10(9):529-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolf E.M., Plieschnegger W., Geppert M., Wigginghaus B., Höss G.M., Eherer A., Schneider N.I., Hauer A., Rehak P., Vieth M., Langner C. Changing prevalence patterns in endoscopic and histological diagnosis of gastritis? Data from a cross-sectional Central European multicentre study. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46(5):412-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolf E.M., Plieschnegger W., Geppert M., Wigginghaus B., Höss G.M., Eherer A., Schneider N.I., Hauer A., Rehak P., Vieth M., Langner C. Changing prevalence patterns in endoscopic and histological diagnosis of gastritis? Data from a cross-sectional Central European multicentre study. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46(5):412-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sugano K., Tack J., Kuipers E.J., Graham D.Y., El-Omar E.M., Miura S., Haruma K., Asaka M., Uemura N., Malfertheiner P; faculty members of Kyoto Global Consensus Conference. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut 2015; 64(9):1353-67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sugano K., Tack J., Kuipers E.J., Graham D.Y., El-Omar E.M., Miura S., Haruma K., Asaka M., Uemura N., Malfertheiner P; faculty members of Kyoto Global Consensus Conference. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut 2015; 64(9):1353-67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rugge M., Fassan M., Pizzi M., Zorzetto V., Maddalo G., Realdon S., de Bernard M., Betterle C., Cappellesso R., Pennelli G., de Boni M., Farinati F. Autoimmune gastritis: histology phenotype and OLGA staging. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35(12):1460-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rugge M., Fassan M., Pizzi M., Zorzetto V., Maddalo G., Realdon S., de Bernard M., Betterle C., Cappellesso R., Pennelli G., de Boni M., Farinati F. Autoimmune gastritis: histology phenotype and OLGA staging. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35(12):1460-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rugge M., Fassan M., de Boni M., Farinati F. Letter: gastric atrophy as a precursor of gastric cancer authors’ reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rugge M., Fassan M., de Boni M., Farinati F. Letter: gastric atrophy as a precursor of gastric cancer authors’ reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genta R.M., Rugge M. Atrophic gastritis in the arctic. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13(9):1601-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genta R.M., Rugge M. Atrophic gastritis in the arctic. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13(9):1601-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кононов А.В. Болезни органов пищеварения // Патологическая анатомия: Национальное руководство / Под. ред. М.А. Пальцева, Л.В. Кактурского, О.В. Зайратьянца. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2011. 1264 с. [Kononov A.V. Digestive diseases//Pathological anatomy: National leaders / Under. ed.: M.A. Paltsev, L.V. Kaktursky, O.V. Zayratyants. M.: GEOTARMedia, 2011. 1264 p.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кононов А.В. Болезни органов пищеварения // Патологическая анатомия: Национальное руководство / Под. ред. М.А. Пальцева, Л.В. Кактурского, О.В. Зайратьянца. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2011. 1264 с. [Kononov A.V. Digestive diseases//Pathological anatomy: National leaders / Under. ed.: M.A. Paltsev, L.V. Kaktursky, O.V. Zayratyants. M.: GEOTARMedia, 2011. 1264 p.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
