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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2024-34-3-24-37</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-897</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Патогенез нарушений моторной функции толстой кишки при функциональном запоре</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pathogenesis of Disorders of the Motor Function of the Large Intestine  in Functional Constipation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5129-9944</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галагудза</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galagudza</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галагудза Михаил Михайлович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, директор Института экспериментальной медицины; профессор кафедры патофизиологии</p><p>197341, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Michael M. Galagudza — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Science; Director of the Institute of Experimental Medicine; Professor at the Department of Pathophysiology</p><p>197341, Saint Petersburg, Akkuratova str., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">galagudza@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6434-1267</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Успенский</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Uspensky</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Успенский Юрий Павлович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой факультетской терапии им. профессора В.А. Вальдмана; профессор кафедры внутренних болезней стоматологического факультета</p><p>194100, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литовская ул., 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury P. Uspenskiy — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Faculty Therapy named after Professor V.A. Valdman; Professor of the Department of Internal Diseases of Dentistry faculty</p><p>194100, Saint Petersburg, Litovskaya str., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">uspenskiy65@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2436-3813</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоминых</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fominykh</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фоминых Юлия Александровна — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры факультетской терапии им. профессора В.А. Вальдмана; доцент кафедры внутренних болезней стоматологического факультета</p><p>194100, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литовская ул., 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia A. Fominykh — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Docent, Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy named after Professor V.A. Valdman; Associate Professor of the Department of Internal Diseases of Dentistry Faculty</p><p>194100, Saint Petersburg, Litovskaya str., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">jaf@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-0943</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бутко</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Butko</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бутко Дмитрий Юрьевич — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой медицинской реабилитации и спортивной медицины</p><p>194100, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литовская ул., 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitriy Y. Butko — Dr. Sci. (Med), Professor, Head of the Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine</p><p>194100, Saint Petersburg, Litovskaya str., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prof.butko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University; St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Галагудза М.М., Успенский Ю.П., Фоминых Ю.А., Бутко Д.Ю., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Галагудза М.М., Успенский Ю.П., Фоминых Ю.А., Бутко Д.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Galagudza M.M., Uspensky Y.P., Fominykh Y.A., Butko D.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/897">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/897</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель обзора</title><p>Цель обзора: представить современные данные о ведущих звеньях патогенеза функционального запора.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения. Запор встречается у 15 % взрослого населения в мире и приводит к значимому снижению качества жизни, а в сочетании с некоторыми другими симптомами может свидетельствовать о наличии органической патологии желудочно-кишечного тракта. Патогенетической основой функционального запора (ФЗ) с медленным кишечным транзитом является снижение моторной функции толстой кишки, которое подтверждается результатами манометрии высокого разрешения. ФЗ характеризуется нарушениями таких моторных паттернов толстой кишки, как низко- и высокоамплитудные пропульсивные сокращения, сегментарные непропульсивные сокращения и общее повышение давления. Основные механизмы ФЗ, связанные с нейрогенной дисрегуляцией, включают нарушение функции серого и белого вещества головного мозга, а также повышение тонуса симпатической нервной системы при сопутствующем уменьшении влияний холинергических нервов, иннервирующих толстую кишку. Значимая роль в развитии ФЗ принадлежит уменьшению пула интерстициальных клеток, играющих роль кишечного водителя ритма, вследствие нарушения процесса их самообновления. Сопутствующие ФЗ изменения в энтеральной нервной системе включают относительное превышение вклада тормозных влияний и уменьшение активности холинэргических и серотонинэргических нейронов, стимулирующих кишечную моторику. Определенное значение в возникновении сниженной моторной функции толстой кишки может иметь дисбаланс выработки кишечных гормонов, синтезируемых энтероэндокринными клетками, а именно, дефицит стимуляторов моторики, к которым относятся мотилин, гастрин, грелин и холецистокинин, а также относительный избыток гормонов, подавляющих моторику (соматостатин и вазоактивный интестинальный полипептид). Изменения состава кишечной микробиоты также могут способствовать возникновению ФЗ, что связано с нарушением профиля метаболитов, продуцируемых кишечными бактериями.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. ФЗ представляет собой классическое мультифакториальное заболевание, в этиологии которого неблагоприятные влияния генотипа сочетаются с множественными приобретенными факторами риска. Более полное понимание молекулярных механизмов развития ФЗ может послужить основой для появления новых эффективных методов лечения этого распространенного заболевания.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to analyze the scientific literature on the role of various factors in the mechanisms of development of functional constipation and to summarize the current data on its leading pathogenetic mechanisms.</p></sec><sec><title>Key points</title><p>Key points. Constipation occurs in 15 % of the adult population in the world and leads to a significant decrease in the quality of life, and in combination with some other symptoms may indicate the presence of an organic pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenetic basis of functional constipation (FC) with slow intestinal transit is a decrease in colonic motor function, which is confirmed by the results of high-resolution manometry. FC is characterized by disturbances in such motor patterns of the colon as low and high amplitude propagating contractions, segmental non-propagating contractions, and general increases in pressure. The main FC mechanisms associated with neurogenic dysregulation include impaired function of the gray and white matter of the brain, as well as an increase in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system with a concomitant decrease in the influence of cholinergic nerves innervating the large intestine. A key role in the FC development belongs to a decrease in the pool of interstitial cells, which play the role of an intestinal pacemaker, due to slowing of their self-renewal. FC-associated changes in the enteric nervous system include a relative excess of the contribution of inhibitory influences and a decrease in the activity of cholinergic and serotonergic neurons that stimulate intestinal motility. A certain role in the occurrence of reduced motor function of the colon may have an imbalance in the production of intestinal hormones synthesized by enteroendocrine cells, namely, a deficiency of motility stimulants, which include motilin, gastrin, ghrelin and cholecystokinin, as well as a relative excess of hormones that suppress motility (somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota can also contribute to the FC occurrence, which is associated with a dysfunction of the metabolite profile produced by intestinal bacteria.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Functional constipation is a classic multifactorial disease, in the etiology of which the adverse effects of the genotype are combined with multiple acquired risk factors. A more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the FC development can serve as the basis for the emergence of new effective treatments for this common pathology.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>моторная функция толстой кишки</kwd><kwd>функциональный запор</kwd><kwd>запор с медленным транзитом</kwd><kwd>высокоамплитудные пропульсивные сокращения</kwd><kwd>кишечные гормоны</kwd><kwd>энтеральная нервная система</kwd><kwd>кишечная микробиота</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>colonic motor function</kwd><kwd>functional constipation</kwd><kwd>slow transit constipation</kwd><kwd>high-amplitude propagating contractions</kwd><kwd>intestinal hormones</kwd><kwd>enteric nervous system</kwd><kwd>intestinal microbiota</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания № 122041400266-8 «Роль железа в прогрессии и метастазировании экспериментальных опухолей».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of State Assignment No. 122041400266-8 “The role of iron in the progression and metastasis of experimental tumors.”</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bharucha A.E., Lacy B.E. 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