<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2024-34-4-50-63</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-934</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Предраковые изменения слизистой оболочки желудка: от прогениторной клетки и микросателлитной нестабильности к клинической интерпретации риска рака желудка</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Gastric Precancerous Lesions: From Progenitor Cell and Microsatellite Instability to Clinical Interpretation of Gastric Cancer Risk</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-7831</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кононов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kononov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Владимирович Кононов, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой</p><p>кафедра патологической анатомии</p><p>644099; ул. Ленина, 12; Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexei V. Kononov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department</p><p>Department of Pathological Anatomy</p><p>644099; Lenina str., 12; Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ogmapath@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-3629</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубцов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubtsov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вячеслав Александрович Рубцов, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент</p><p>кафедра патологической анатомии</p><p>644099; ул. Ленина, 12; Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav A. Rubtsov, Сand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p><p>Department of Pathological Anatomy</p><p>644099; Lenina str., 12; Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rubtsov.omgmu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8006-3260</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парыгина</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Parygina</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария Николаевна Парыгина, кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент</p><p>кафедра патологической анатомии</p><p>644099; ул. Ленина, 12; Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria N. Parygina, Сand. Sci. (Med.), Teaching Assistant</p><p>Department of Pathological Anatomy</p><p>644099; Lenina str., 12; Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mariyakern@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0949-8709</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шиманская</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shimanskaya</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Геннадьевна Шиманская, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры</p><p>кафедра патологической анатомии</p><p>644099; ул. Ленина, 12; Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna G. Shimanskaya, Сand. Sci. (Med.), Docent, Associate Professor</p><p>Department of Pathological Anatomy</p><p>644099; Lenina str., 12; Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shimansckaya.anna@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-7082</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мозговой</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mozgovoi</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Игоревич Мозговой, доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор</p><p>кафедра патологической анатомии</p><p>644099; ул. Ленина, 12; Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei I. Mozgovoi, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Docent, Professor</p><p>Department of Pathological Anatomy</p><p>644099; Lenina str., 12; Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">simozgovoy@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9857-1674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поморгайло</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pomorgailo</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Геннадьевна Поморгайло, доктор биологических наук, доцент, профессор</p><p>кафедра патологической анатомии</p><p>644099; ул. Ленина, 12; Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena G. Pomorgailo, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Docnet, Professor</p><p>Department of Pathological Anatomy</p><p>644099; Lenina str., 12; Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elenapom@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0316-4153</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркелова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Markelova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марина Владимировна Маркелова, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры</p><p>кафедра патологической анатомии</p><p>644099; ул. Ленина, 12; Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Markelova, Сand. Sci. (Med.), Docent, Associate Professor</p><p>Department of Pathological Anatomy</p><p>644099; Lenina str., 12; Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marina.markelova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2549-3679</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федотова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedotova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Александровна Федотова, старший преподаватель</p><p>кафедра патологической анатомии</p><p>644099; ул. Ленина, 12; Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia A. Fedotova, Senior Lecturer</p><p>Department of Pathological Anatomy</p><p>644099; Lenina str., 12; Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fya78@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Омский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кононов А.В., Рубцов В.А., Парыгина М.Н., Шиманская А.Г., Мозговой С.И., Поморгайло Е.Г., Маркелова М.В., Федотова Ю.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кононов А.В., Рубцов В.А., Парыгина М.Н., Шиманская А.Г., Мозговой С.И., Поморгайло Е.Г., Маркелова М.В., Федотова Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kononov A.V., Rubtsov V.A., Parygina M.N., Shimanskaya A.G., Mozgovoi S.I., Pomorgailo E.G., Markelova M.V., Fedotova Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/934">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/934</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>   Цель</title><p>   Цель: оценка возможности использования статуса белков системы mismatch repair (MMR), микросателлитной нестабильности при предраковых изменениях слизистой оболочки желудка в дифференциальной диагностике дисплазии, определении риска развития рака желудка.</p></sec><sec><title>   Материал и методы</title><p>   Материал и методы. В исследование включены биоптаты слизистой оболочки желудка 75 пациентов, у 25 из которых диагностирована дисплазия слизистой оболочки желудка высокой степени, у 25 — дисплазия низкой степени, у 25 — неопределенная дисплазия. Гастробиоптаты исследовали гистологическим, иммуногистохимическим методами с использованием мышиных моноклональных антител (Diagnostic BioSystems, США) к белкам системы MMR: MLH-1 (клон G168-15, разведение 1:50), MSH2 (клон DBM15.82, разведение 1:100), MSH6 (клон 44, разведение 1:50), PMS2 (клон А16-4, готовые к применению). MSI исследовали методом мультиплексной ПЦР с получением ДНК-фрагментов микросателлитов (NR-21, NR-24, NR-27, BAT-25, BAT-26) из парафиновых срезов и их анализа методом капиллярного электрофореза. Полученные данные обработаны с применением пакета Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft, США), представлены с использованием методов описательной, аналитической статистики. Для визуализации библиометрического анализа использовали VOSviewer (1.6.20).</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. При иммуногистохимической оценке экспрессии белков системы mismatch repair в биоптатах слизистой оболочки желудка MMR-дефицитные случаи обнаружены при дисплазии низкой (2,8 %) и высокой (2,8 %) степени. Во всех случаях неопределенной дисплазии сохранялся профицит системы MMR. При оценке методом ПЦР обнаружено три MSI-позитивных случая (6,5 %), из которых два соответствовали дисплазии низкой степени, один — высокой степени. Все выявленные случаи также расценены иммуногистохимически как MSI-позитивные.</p></sec><sec><title>   Выводы</title><p>   Выводы. Определение статуса микросателлитной нестабильности может быть использовано как вспомогательное исследование в рамках панели биомаркеров, направленной на поддержку принятия решения врачом-патологоанатомом в альтернативе «неопределенная дисплазия эпителия» или «определенно дисплазия — облигатный предрак».</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>   Aim</title><p>   Aim: to evaluate the possibility of the MMR-system status, microsatellite instability (MSI) usage in the differential diagnosis of gastric mucosa dysplasia, determination of the gastric adenocarcinoma development risk.</p></sec><sec><title>   Material and methods</title><p>   Material and methods. The study included gastric mucosa specimens of 75 patients: 25 with high-grade dysplasia, 25 with low-grade dysplasia, 25 were indefinite for dysplasia. Gastrobiopsy specimens were examined histologically, immunohistochemically using mouse monoclonal antibodies (Diagnostic BioSystems, USA) to the MMR system proteins: MLH-1 (clone G168-15, dilution 1:50), MSH2 (clone DBM15.82, dilution 1:100), MSH6 (clone 44, dilution 1:50), PMS2 (clone A16-4, ready to use). MSI was studied with multiplex PCR evaluation of DNA microsatellites (NR-21, NR-24, NR-27, BAT-25, BAT-26) from paraffin sections, their analysis with capillary electrophoresis. The obtained data were processed with the Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft, USA), presented using descriptive, analytical statistics. VOSviewer (1.6.20) was used to visualize the bibliometric analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. MMR-deficient cases were found in low (2.8 %) and high-grade (2.8 %) dysplasia with the immunohistochemical evaluation of MMR-system proteins in gastric mucosa specimens. In all indefinite for dysplasia cases MMR-system proteins remained unaffected. Three MSI-positive cases (6.5 %) were detected by PCR with two low-grade dysplasia, one high-grade dysplasia cases. All identified cases were also immunohistochemically MSI-positive.</p></sec><sec><title>   Conclusion</title><p>   Conclusion. Determination of MSI can be used as an auxiliary study within a panel of biomarkers aimed to support the decision-making of a pathologist in the alternative of “indefinite for dysplasia” or “definite dysplasia — obligate precancer”.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микросателлитная нестабильность</kwd><kwd>хронический гастрит</kwd><kwd>предраковые изменения</kwd><kwd>кишечная метаплазия</kwd><kwd>атрофия</kwd><kwd>рак желудка</kwd><kwd>канцерпревенция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microsatellite instability</kwd><kwd>chronic gastritis</kwd><kwd>precancerous lesions</kwd><kwd>intestinal metaplasia</kwd><kwd>atrophy</kwd><kwd>gastric cancer</kwd><kwd>cancer prediction</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда «Микросателлитная нестабильность в слизистой оболочке желудка при ранних и выраженных предраковых изменениях как молекулярно-генетическая основа персонифицированной оценки риска развития рака желудка», № 23-25-10036 от 20. 04. 2023, соглашение с Министерством промышленности и научно-технического развития Омской области № 33-с от 19. 06. 2023</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with the financial support of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation “Microsatellite instability in the gastric mucosa during early and pronounced precancerous changes as a molecular genetic basis for personalized assessment of the risk of developing stomach cancer”, registration No. 23– 25–10036; the agreement with the Ministry of Industry and Scientific and Technical Development of the Omsk Region No. 33-s dated 19. 06. 2023</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Шахзадова А.О., ред. Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2021 году (заболеваемость и смертность). М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaprin A.D., Starinsky V.V., Shakhzadova A.O., eds. Malignant neoplasms in Russia in 2021 (morbidity and mortality). Moskow: Moscow Research Institute of Oncology named after P.A. Herzen of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation — Branch of the National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, 2022. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Шахзадова А.О., ред. Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2021 году. М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaprin A.D., Starinsky V.V., Shakhzadova A.O., eds. The state of cancer care for the population of Russia in 2021. Moskow: Moscow Research Institute of Oncology named after P.A. Herzen of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation — Branch of the National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, 2022. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cenitagoya G.F., Bergh C.K., Klinger-Roitman J. A prospective study of gastric cancer. 'Real' 5-year survival rates and mortality rates in a country with high incidence. Dig Surg. 1998;15(4):317–22. DOI: 10.1159/000018645</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cenitagoya G.F., Bergh C.K., Klinger-Roitman J. A prospective study of gastric cancer. 'Real' 5-year survival rates and mortality rates in a country with high incidence. Dig Surg. 1998;15(4):317–22. DOI: 10.1159/000018645</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luchini C., Bibeau F., Ligtenberg M.J.L., Singh N., Nottegar A., Bosse T., et al. ESMO recommendations on microsatellite instability testing for immunotherapy in cancer, and its relationship with PD-1/PD-L1 expression and tumour mutational burden : A systematic review-based approach. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(8):1232–43. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luchini C., Bibeau F., Ligtenberg M.J.L., Singh N., Nottegar A., Bosse T., et al. ESMO recommendations on microsatellite instability testing for immunotherapy in cancer, and its relationship with PD-1/PD-L1 expression and tumour mutational burden : A systematic review-based approach. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(8):1232–43. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujiwara T., Stolker J.M., Watanabe T., Rashid A., Longo P., Eshleman J.R., et al. Accumulated clonal genetic alterations in familial and sporadic colorectal carcinomas with widespread instability in microsatellite sequences. Am J Pathol. 1998;153(4):1063–78. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65651-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujiwara T., Stolker J.M., Watanabe T., Rashid A., Longo P., Eshleman J.R., et al. Accumulated clonal genetic alterations in familial and sporadic colorectal carcinomas with widespread instability in microsatellite sequences. Am J Pathol. 1998;153(4):1063–78. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65651-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olave M.C., Graham R.P. Mismatch repair deficiency: The what, how and why it is important. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2022;61(6):314–21. DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olave M.C., Graham R.P. Mismatch repair deficiency: The what, how and why it is important. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2022;61(6):314–21. DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blosse A., Lehours P., Wilson K.T., Gobert A.P. Helicobacter: Inflammation, immunology, and vaccines. Helicobacter. 2018;23 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):e12517. DOI: 10.1111/hel.12517</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blosse A., Lehours P., Wilson K.T., Gobert A.P. Helicobacter: Inflammation, immunology, and vaccines. Helicobacter. 2018;23 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):e12517. DOI: 10.1111/hel.12517</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Najjar S.R., Sahba N., Vahedi M., Reza M.S., Reza Z.M. Association of intron and exon polymorphisms of p53 gene in Iranian patients with gastritis. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2013;6(Suppl 1):S45–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Najjar S.R., Sahba N., Vahedi M., Reza M.S., Reza Z.M. Association of intron and exon polymorphisms of p53 gene in Iranian patients with gastritis. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2013;6(Suppl 1):S45–51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xinarianos G., Liloglou T., Prime W., Sourvinos G., Karachristos A., Gosney J.R., et al. p53 status correlates with the differential expression of the DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2002;101(3):248–52. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10598</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xinarianos G., Liloglou T., Prime W., Sourvinos G., Karachristos A., Gosney J.R., et al. p53 status correlates with the differential expression of the DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2002;101(3):248–52. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10598</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chitwood D.G., Wang Q., Elliott K., Bullock A., Jordana D., Li Z., et al. Characterization of metabolic responses, genetic variations, and microsatellite instability in ammonia-stressed CHO cells grown in fed-batch cultures. BMC Biotechnol. 2021;21(1):4. DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00667-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chitwood D.G., Wang Q., Elliott K., Bullock A., Jordana D., Li Z., et al. Characterization of metabolic responses, genetic variations, and microsatellite instability in ammonia-stressed CHO cells grown in fed-batch cultures. BMC Biotechnol. 2021;21(1):4. DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00667-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кононов А.В., Мозговой С.И., Шиманская А.Г. Прижизненная патолого-анатомическая диагностика болезней органов пищеварительной системы (класс XI МКБ-10): Клинические рекомендации RPS3.11(2018). М.: ООО «Практическая медицина», 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kononov A.V., Mozgovoy S.I., Shimanskaya A.G. Biopsy diagnostics of diseases of the digestive system (Class XI ICD-10): Clinical guidelines RPS3.11(2018). Moscow: LLC “Prakticheskaya meditsina”, 2019. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malfertheiner P., Megraud F., Rokkas T., Gisbert J.P., Liou J.M., Schulz C., Gasbarrini A., et al.; European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study group. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report. Gut. Published online August 8, 2022. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malfertheiner P., Megraud F., Rokkas T., Gisbert J.P., Liou J.M., Schulz C., Gasbarrini A., et al.; European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study group. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report. Gut. Published online August 8, 2022. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мозговой С.И. Алгоритм определения типа кишечной метаплазии слизистой оболочки желудка с помощью комбинированных гистохимических методов. Архив патологии. 2009;71(4):46–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mozgovoy S.I. Algorithm for the determination of the type of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa by combined histochemical procedures. Arkhiv patologii. 2009;71(4):46–7. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Correa P. Chronic gastritis: A clinico-pathological classification. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988;83(5):504–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Correa P. Chronic gastritis: A clinico-pathological classification. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988;83(5):504–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Correa P., Piazuelo M.B. The gastric precancerous cascade. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(1):2–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00550.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Correa P., Piazuelo M.B. The gastric precancerous cascade. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(1):2–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00550.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akbari M., Tabrizi R., Kardeh S., Lankarani K.B. Gastric cancer in patients with gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia : A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219865. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219865</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akbari M., Tabrizi R., Kardeh S., Lankarani K.B. Gastric cancer in patients with gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia : A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219865. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219865</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaroenlapnopparat A., Bhatia K., Coban S. Inflammation and gastric cancer. Diseases. 2022;10(3):35. DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaroenlapnopparat A., Bhatia K., Coban S. Inflammation and gastric cancer. Diseases. 2022;10(3):35. DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rugge M., Savarino E., Sbaraglia M., Bricca L., Malfertheiner P. Gastritis: The clinico-pathological spectrum. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53(10):1237–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.03.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rugge M., Savarino E., Sbaraglia M., Bricca L., Malfertheiner P. Gastritis: The clinico-pathological spectrum. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53(10):1237–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.03.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rugge M., Sugano K., Scarpignato C., Sacchi D., Oblitas W.J., Naccarato A.G. Gastric cancer prevention targeted on risk assessment: Gastritis OLGA staging. Helicobacter. 2019;24(2):e12571. DOI: 10.1111/hel.12571</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rugge M., Sugano K., Scarpignato C., Sacchi D., Oblitas W.J., Naccarato A.G. Gastric cancer prevention targeted on risk assessment: Gastritis OLGA staging. Helicobacter. 2019;24(2):e12571. DOI: 10.1111/hel.12571</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rugge M., Genta R.M., Graham D.Y., Di Mario F., Vaz Coelho L.G., Kim N. Real culprit or innocent bystander as a precancerous condition for gastric cancer. Chronicles of a cancer foretold: 35 years of gastric cancer risk assessment. Gut. 2016;65(5):721–5. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310846</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rugge M., Genta R.M., Graham D.Y., Di Mario F., Vaz Coelho L.G., Kim N. Real culprit or innocent bystander as a precancerous condition for gastric cancer. Chronicles of a cancer foretold: 35 years of gastric cancer risk assessment. Gut. 2016;65(5):721–5. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310846</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sugano K., Moss S.F., Kuipers E.J. Gastric intestinal metaplasia: Real culprit or innocent bystander as a precancerous condition for gastric cancer? Gastroenterology. 2023:165(6):1352–66e1. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.08.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sugano K., Moss S.F., Kuipers E.J. Gastric intestinal metaplasia: Real culprit or innocent bystander as a precancerous condition for gastric cancer? Gastroenterology. 2023:165(6):1352–66e1. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.08.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nature. 2014;513(7517):202–9. DOI: 10.1038/nature13480</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nature. 2014;513(7517):202–9. DOI: 10.1038/nature13480</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cristescu R., Lee J., Nebozhyn M., Kim K.M., Ting J.C., Wong S.S., et al. Molecular analysis of gastric cancer identifies subtypes associated with distinct clinical outcomes. Nat Med. 2015;21(5):449–56. DOI: 10.1038/nm.3850</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cristescu R., Lee J., Nebozhyn M., Kim K.M., Ting J.C., Wong S.S., et al. Molecular analysis of gastric cancer identifies subtypes associated with distinct clinical outcomes. Nat Med. 2015;21(5):449–56. DOI: 10.1038/nm.3850</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, eds. Digestive system tumours. WHO Classification of Tumours. 5th ed. IARC, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, eds. Digestive system tumours. WHO Classification of Tumours. 5th ed. IARC, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данилова Н.В., Чайка А.В., Хомяков В.М., Олейникова Н.А., Андреева Ю.Ю., Мальков П.Г. Микросателлитная нестабильность в раке желудка — предиктор благоприятного прогноза. Архив патологии. 2022;84(6):5–15. DOI: 10.17116/patol2022840615</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilova N.V., Chayka A.V., Khomyakov V.M., Oleynikova N.A., Andreeva Yu.Yu., Polushkina T.V. Microsatellite instability in gastric cancer is a predictor of a favorable prognosis. Arkhiv Patologii. 2022;84(6):5–15. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/patol2022840615</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Setia N., Agoston A.T., Han H.S., Mullen J.T., Duda D.G., Clark J.W., et al. A protein and mRNA expression-based classification of gastric cancer. Mod Pathol. 2016;29(7):772–84. DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.55</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Setia N., Agoston A.T., Han H.S., Mullen J.T., Duda D.G., Clark J.W., et al. A protein and mRNA expression-based classification of gastric cancer. Mod Pathol. 2016;29(7):772–84. DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.55</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graham D.Y. Helicobacter pylori update: Gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4):719–31.e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graham D.Y. Helicobacter pylori update: Gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4):719–31.e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Persson C., Canedo P., Machado J.C., El-Omar E.M., Forman D. Polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes and their association with gastric cancer : A HuGE systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(3):259–70. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq370</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Persson C., Canedo P., Machado J.C., El-Omar E.M., Forman D. Polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes and their association with gastric cancer : A HuGE systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(3):259–70. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq370</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dincă A.L., Meliț L.E., Mărginean C.O. Old and new aspects of H. pylori-associated inflammation and gastric cancer. Children (Basel). 2022;9(7):1083. DOI: 10.3390/children9071083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dincă A.L., Meliț L.E., Mărginean C.O. Old and new aspects of H. pylori-associated inflammation and gastric cancer. Children (Basel). 2022;9(7):1083. DOI: 10.3390/children9071083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharafutdinov I., Tegtmeyer N., Linz B., Rohde M., Vieth M., Tay A.C., et al. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in Helicobacter pylori promotes gastric cancer development. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31(8):1345–58.e6. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.06.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharafutdinov I., Tegtmeyer N., Linz B., Rohde M., Vieth M., Tay A.C., et al. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in Helicobacter pylori promotes gastric cancer development. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31(8):1345–58.e6. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.06.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim Y.I., Kook M.C., Cho S.J., Lee J.Y., Kim C.G., Joo J., et al. Effect of biopsy site on detection of gastric cancer high-risk groups by OLGA and OLGIM stages. Helicobacter. 2017;22(6). DOI: 10.1111/hel.12442</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim Y.I., Kook M.C., Cho S.J., Lee J.Y., Kim C.G., Joo J., et al. Effect of biopsy site on detection of gastric cancer high-risk groups by OLGA and OLGIM stages. Helicobacter. 2017;22(6). DOI: 10.1111/hel.12442</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sugano K., Tack J., Kuipers E.J., Graham D.Y., El-Omar E.M., Miura S., et al. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut. 2015;64(9):1353–67. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sugano K., Tack J., Kuipers E.J., Graham D.Y., El-Omar E.M., Miura S., et al. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut. 2015;64(9):1353–67. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li B., Liu H.Y., Guo S.H., Sun P., Gong F.M., Jia B.Q. Microsatellite instability of gastric cancer and precancerous lesions. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(11):21138–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li B., Liu H.Y., Guo S.H., Sun P., Gong F.M., Jia B.Q. Microsatellite instability of gastric cancer and precancerous lesions. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(11):21138–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watari J., Moriichi K., Tanabe H., Kashima S., Nomura Y., Fujiya M., et al. Biomarkers predicting development of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection: An analysis of molecular pathology of Helicobacter pylori eradication. Int J Cancer. 2012;130(10):2349–58. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26275</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watari J., Moriichi K., Tanabe H., Kashima S., Nomura Y., Fujiya M., et al. Biomarkers predicting development of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection: An analysis of molecular pathology of Helicobacter pylori eradication. Int J Cancer. 2012;130(10):2349–58. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26275</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu G., Qin L., Zhang X., Ye G., Huang T. Epigenetic silencing of the MLH1 promoter in relation to the development of gastric cancer and its use as a biomarker for patients with microsatellite instability: A systematic analysis. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;45(1):148–62. DOI: 10.1159/000486354</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu G., Qin L., Zhang X., Ye G., Huang T. Epigenetic silencing of the MLH1 promoter in relation to the development of gastric cancer and its use as a biomarker for patients with microsatellite instability: A systematic analysis. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;45(1):148–62. DOI: 10.1159/000486354</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leung W.K., Kim J.J., Kim J.G., Graham D.Y., Sepulveda A.R. Microsatellite instability in gastric intestinal metaplasia in patients with and without gastric cancer. Am J Pathol. 2000;156(2):537–43. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64758-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leung W.K., Kim J.J., Kim J.G., Graham D.Y., Sepulveda A.R. Microsatellite instability in gastric intestinal metaplasia in patients with and without gastric cancer. Am J Pathol. 2000;156(2):537–43. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64758-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
