<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gastro-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1382-4376</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Gastro» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22416/1382-4376-2025-35-3-40-53</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gastro-j-967</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности желудочно-кишечных кровотечений у больных ВИЧ-ассоциированными инфекциями</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients with HIV-Related Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-4053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гафаров</surname><given-names>У. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gafarov</surname><given-names>U. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гафаров Умеджон Олимджонович — кандидат медицинских наук, врач-хирург туберкулезно-хирургического отделения № 2; врач-хирург Ивантеевского филиала107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Umedzhon O. Gafarov — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Surgeon at the Tuberculosis Surgical Department No. 2; Surgeon at the Surgical Department</p><p>107014, Moscow, Stromynka str., 10</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">umed_78@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6659-7888</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плоткин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Plotkin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Плоткин Дмитрий Владимирович — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник научно-клинического отдела, врач-хирург туберкулезно-хирургического отделения № 2; профессор кафедры общей хирургии им. В.М. Буянова института хирургии</p><p>107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitriy V. Plotkin — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Docent, Leading Research Officer at the Clinical Research Department, Surgeon at the Tuberculosis Surgical Department No. 2; Professor of the Department of General Surgery at the V.M. Buyanov Institute of Surgery</p><p>107014, Moscow, Stromynka str., 10</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kn13@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4418-4601</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетников</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikov</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Решетников Михаил Николаевич — кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник научно-клинического отдела, врач-хирург  туберкулезно-хирургического отделения № 2; доцент кафедры  фтизиатрии</p><p>107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail N. Reshetnikov — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Leading Research Officer at the Clinical Research Department, Surgeon at the Tuberculosis Surgical  Department No. 2; Associate Professor at the Phthisiology Department</p><p>107014, Moscow, Stromynka str., 10</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">taxol@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8027-0179</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демченков</surname><given-names>Н. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demchenkov</surname><given-names>N. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Демченков Никита Олегович — студент</p><p>117997, г. Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita O. Demchenkov — Student </p><p>117997, Moscow, Ostrovityanova str., 1 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">demchenkov03@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8374-191X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волков Андрей Александрович — доктор медицинских наук, научный сотрудник научно-клинического отдела</p><p>107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Volkov— Dr. Sci. (Med.), Research Officer at the Clinical Research Department</p><p>107014, Moscow, Stromynka str., 10</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volkov73a@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-9100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Романова Елена Юрьевна — врач-инфекционист</p><p>107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Yu. Romanova — Infectiologist</p><p>107014, Moscow, Stromynka str., 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">docavgust@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-1482</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щепкина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Schepkina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Щепкина Елена Викторовна — кандидат социологических наук, заместитель начальника отдела сводного контингента и статистики учебно-методического управления</p><p>119571, г. Москва, просп. Вернадского, 82, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Schepkina— Cand. Sci. (Soc.), Deputy Head of the Department of Consolidated Contingent and Statistics of the Educational and Methodological Department</p><p>119571, Moscow, Vernadskogo ave., 82, build. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elenaschepkina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0945-0839</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мануйлов</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Manuylov</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мануйлов Владимир Михайлович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный врач</p><p>141206, Московская обл., г.о. Пушкинский, г. Пушкино, ул. Авиационная, 35</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir M. Manuylov — Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Chief Physician</p><p>141206, Moscow region, Pushkino, Aviatsionnaya str., 35</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pushkino_rb@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-5022</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богородская</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogorodskaya</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Богородская Елена Михайловна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой фтизиатрии</p><p>125993, г. Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena M. Bogorodskaya — Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Phthisiology Department125993, Moscow, Barrikadnaya str., 2/1, build. 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">BogorodskayaEM@rmapo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»;&#13;
ГБУЗ МО «Московская областная больница им. профессора В.Н. Розанова»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control of the Moscow Government Department of Health;&#13;
Moscow Regional Hospital named after Professor V.N. Rozanov<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с  туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control of the Moscow Government Department of Health;&#13;
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»;&#13;
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control of the Moscow Government Department of Health;&#13;
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control of the Moscow Government Department of Health<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Hospital named after Professor V.N. Rozanov<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-8"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>35</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гафаров У.О., Плоткин Д.В., Решетников М.Н., Демченков Н.О., Волков А.А., Романова Е.Ю., Щепкина Е.В., Мануйлов В.М., Богородская Е.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гафаров У.О., Плоткин Д.В., Решетников М.Н., Демченков Н.О., Волков А.А., Романова Е.Ю., Щепкина Е.В., Мануйлов В.М., Богородская Е.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gafarov U.O., Plotkin D.V., Reshetnikov M.N., Demchenkov N.O., Volkov A.A., Romanova E.Y., Schepkina E.V., Manuylov V.M., Bogorodskaya E.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/967">https://www.gastro-j.ru/jour/article/view/967</self-uri><abstract><p>Среди ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов желудочно-кишечные кровотечения встречаются чаще примерно в 1,3 раза, чем среди ВИЧ-негативных пациентов. При этом структурно-этиологические причины кровотечений при ВИЧ во многом отличаются от основной популяции, что, несомненно, связано с использованием современной антиретровирусной терапии, оппортунистическими инфекциями и сочетанными заболеваниями.Цель: изучить факторы, отягощающие течение и влияющие на структуру желудочно-кишечных кровотечений, у пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией на фоне иммуносупрессивных расстройств в сравнении с ВИЧ-негативными больными.Материал и методы. Для достижения поставленной цели было проведено многоцентровое ретроспективное когортное исследование трех групп больных с желудочно-кишечными кровотечениями. В исследовании участвовали 500 пациентов: 111 чел. — в основной группе (42 в группе 1 — ВИЧ+, CD4+ &gt; 200; 69 в группе 2 — ВИЧ+, CD4+ &lt; 200); 389 чел. — в группе контроля (группа 3 — ВИЧ-негативный статус).Результаты. Было установлено, что группы сравнения отличаются по возрасту, наличию предшествующей гематологической патологии (анемия, тромбоцитопения), а также источникам желудочно-кишечного кровотечения. Можно отметить, что во всех группах сравнения эндоскопические методы гемостаза оказались эффективны примерно в половине случаев (50,0, 42,0 и 49,7 %), в остальных наблюдениях эффективной и достаточной оказалась гемостатическая терапия (47,6, 33,3 и 39,7 %). Статистически значимо показано, что оперативное лечение было чаще необходимо в группе пациентов с низким иммунным статусом (29,0 %), что связано с «редкими источниками» кровотечений: туберкулезные язвы кишечника, цитомегаловирусные язвы кишечника и распадающаяся саркома Капоши различных отделов пищеварительного тракта. Общая выживаемость ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов с низким иммунным статусом и желудочно-кишечным кровотечением статистически значимо ниже, чем у пациентов без ВИЧ-инфекции или пациентов с удовлетворительным иммунным статусом.Заключение. Желудочно-кишечные кровотечения при ВИЧ-инфекции имеют ряд существенных особенностей, которые непосредственно влияют на тяжесть кровопотери, методы лечения и выживаемость пациентов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Gastrointestinal hemorrhage is about 1.3 times more common in HIV-infected patients than in HIV-negative ones. At the same time the structural and etiological causes of hemorrhage in HIV differ in many ways from the main population which is undoubtedly due to the use of modern antiretroviral therapy, opportunistic infections and comorbidities. Aim: to study the factors which are aggravating the course and influencing the structure of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with HIV infection on the background of immunosuppressive disorders in comparison with HIV-negative patients.Material and methods. To achieve this goal a multicenter retrospective cohort study of three groups of patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage was conducted. Five hundred patients participated in the study: n = 111 — the main group (42 in Group 1 — HIV+, CD4+ &gt; 200; 69 in Group 2 — HIV+, CD4+ &lt; 200); n = 389 — in the control group (Group 3 — HIV-negative status).Results. It was found that the comparison groups differ in age, the presence of previous hematological pathology (anemia, thrombocytopenia) as well as the sources of gastrointestinal bleeding. It can be noted that in all comparison groups endoscopic hemostasis methods were effective in about half of the cases (50.0 %, 42.0 % and 49.7 %), in the remaining findings hemostatic therapy was effective and sufficient (47.6 %, 33.3 % and 39.7 %). Surgical treatment was much more often required (statistically significant) in the group of patients with low immune status (29.0 %), and the need for it was associated with “rare sources” of bleeding: tuberculous intestinal ulcers, cytomegalovirus intestinal ulcers and decomposing Kaposi’s sarcoma of various parts of the digestive tract. The overall survival rate of HIV-infected patients with low immune status and gastrointestinal bleeding was statistically lower than in HIV-negative patients or patients with satisfactory immune status.Conclusion. Gastrointestinal bleeding in HIV-positive patients has a number of significant features, that directly affect severity of blood loss, treatment methods and patient survival.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечные кровотечения</kwd><kwd>анемия</kwd><kwd>туберкулезная язва</kwd><kwd>цитомегаловирусная язва</kwd><kwd>иммунный статус</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV infection</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal bleeding</kwd><kwd>anemia</kwd><kwd>tuberculous ulcer</kwd><kwd>cytomegalovirus ulcer</kwd><kwd>immune status</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wuerth B.A., Rockey D.C. Changing epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the last decade: A nationwide analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(5):1286–93. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4882-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wuerth B.A., Rockey D.C. Changing epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the last decade: A nationwide analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(5):1286–93. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4882-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дарвин В.В., Ильканич А.Я., Сатинов А.В., Рыжиков М.Г., Оганян А.В., Брюхов А.Н. и др. Характеристика структуры больных с острыми кровотечениями из верхних отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта. Вестник СурГУ. Медицина. 2021;2(48):22–9. DOI: 10.34822/2304-9448-2021-2-22-29</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darvin V.V., Il'kanich A.Ya., Satinov A.V., Ryzhikov M.G., Oganyan A.V., Bryukhov A.N., et al. Characteristics of the structure of patients with acute bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract. Vestnik SurGU. Meditsina. 2021;2(48):22–9. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.34822/2304-9448-2021-2-22-29</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Подолужный В.И., Ооржак О.В., Краснов К.А. Динамика объемов и структуры госпитализации больных с кровотечениями из верхних отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта. Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина. 2018;3(4):39–43. DOI: 10.23946/2500-0764-2018-3-4-39-43</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Podoluzhnyy V.I., Oorzhak O.V., Krasnov K.A. Hospitalization patterns in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Fundamental and Clinical Medicine. 2018;3(4):39–43. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.23946/2500-0764-2018-3-4-39-43</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fouad T.R., Abdelsameea E., Abdel-Razek W., Attia A., Mohamed A., Metwally K., et al. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Egyptian patients with cirrhosis: Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(9):1604–10. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14659</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fouad T.R., Abdelsameea E., Abdel-Razek W., Attia A., Mohamed A., Metwally K., et al. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Egyptian patients with cirrhosis: Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(9):1604–10. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14659</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Long B., Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Emerg Med. 2024;81:116–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.04.052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Long B., Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Emerg Med. 2024;81:116–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.04.052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arıkoğlu S., Tezel O., Büyükturan G., Başgöz B.B. The efficacy and comparison of upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk scoring systems on predicting clinical outcomes among emergency unit patients. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025;25(1):93. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-025-03684-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arıkoğlu S., Tezel O., Büyükturan G., Başgöz B.B. The efficacy and comparison of upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk scoring systems on predicting clinical outcomes among emergency unit patients. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025;25(1):93. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-025-03684-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atri S., Hammami M., Belhadj A., Chebbi F., Chaker Y., Kacem M. A rare case of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to tuberculous lymphadenitis fistulized in the duodenum. Int J Emerg Med. 2025;18(1):84. DOI: 10.1186/s12245-025-00883-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atri S., Hammami M., Belhadj A., Chebbi F., Chaker Y., Kacem M. A rare case of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to tuberculous lymphadenitis fistulized in the duodenum. Int J Emerg Med. 2025;18(1):84. DOI: 10.1186/s12245-025-00883-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Imran H., Alexander J.T., Jackson C.D. Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. JAMA. 2024;331(19):1666–7. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.25841</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Imran H., Alexander J.T., Jackson C.D. Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. JAMA. 2024;331(19):1666–7. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.25841</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыбикова Э.Б., Котловский М.Ю., Фадеева С.О., Лорсанов С.М. Заболеваемость ВИЧ-инфекцией в России и субъектах Российской Федерации в динамике за 2016–2022 годы. Социальные аспекты здоровья населения. 2024;70(1):14. DOI: 10.21045/2071-5021-2024-70-1-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsybikova E.B., Kotlovskiy M.Yu., Fadeeva S.O., Lorsanov S.M. Dynamics in HIV incidence in Russia and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 2016-2022. Social'nye aspekty zdorov'a naselenia. 2024;70(1):14. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21045/2071-5021-2024-70-1-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bratton E., Vannappagari V., Kobayashi M.G. Prevalence of and risk for gastrointestinal bleeding and peptic ulcerative disorders in a cohort of HIV patients from a U.S. healthcare claims database. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(6):e0180612. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180612</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bratton E., Vannappagari V., Kobayashi M.G. Prevalence of and risk for gastrointestinal bleeding and peptic ulcerative disorders in a cohort of HIV patients from a U.S. healthcare claims database. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(6):e0180612. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180612</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хасанова Г.М., Урунова Д.М., Ахмеджанова З.И., Гиясова Г.М., Черникова А.А., Хасанова А.Н. Поражение желудочно-кишечного тракта при ВИЧ-инфекции. Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2019;3(77):24–8. DOI: 10.17238/PmJ1609-1175.2019.3.24–28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khasanova G.M., Urunova D.M., Akhmedzhanova Z.I., Giyasova G.M., Chernikova A.A., Khasanova A.N. Defeat of the gastrointestinal tract in HIV infection. Pacific Medical Journal. 2019;3(77):24–8. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17238/PmJ1609-1175.2019.3.24–28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полуэктов В.Л., Назарова О.И., Никитин В.Н., Клипач С.Г., Ситникова М.В. Осложненная гигантская дуоденальная язва у ВИЧ-инфицированного пациента. Вестник хирургии имени И.И. Грекова. 2019;178(3):58–62. DOI: 10.24884/0042-4625-2019-178-3-54-58</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poluektov V.L., Nazarova O.I., Nikitin V.N., Klipach S.G., Sitnikova M.V. Complicated giant duodenal ulcer in the HIV-infected patient. Grekov’s Bulletin of Surgery. 2019;178(3):58–62. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24884/0042-4625-2019-178-3-54-58</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balasubramaniam M., Pandhare J., Dash C. Immune control of HIV. J Life Sci (Westlake Village). 2019;1(1):4–37. DOI: 10.36069/JoLS/20190603</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balasubramaniam M., Pandhare J., Dash C. Immune control of HIV. J Life Sci (Westlake Village). 2019;1(1):4–37. DOI: 10.36069/JoLS/20190603</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barkun A.N., Almadi M., Kuipers E.J., Laine L., Sung J., Tse F., et al. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Guideline recommendations from the International Consensus Group. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(11):805–22. DOI: 10.7326/M19-1795</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barkun A.N., Almadi M., Kuipers E.J., Laine L., Sung J., Tse F., et al. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Guideline recommendations from the International Consensus Group. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(11):805–22. DOI: 10.7326/M19-1795</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации Российского общества хирургов: Язвенные гастродуоденальные кровотечения. 2014. URL: https://www.mrckb.ru/files/yazvennye_gastroduodenalnye_krovotecheniya.PDF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical recommendations of the Russian Society of Surgeons: Ulcerative gastroduodenal bleeding. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.mrckb.ru/files/yazvennye_gastroduodenalnye_krovotecheniya.PDF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации Российского общества хирургов: По лечению кровотечений из варикозно расширенных вен пищевода и желудка. 2014. URL: https://www.mrckb.ru/files/krovotecheniya_iz_varikoznorasshirennyx_ven_pishhevoda_i_zheludka.PDF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical recommendations of the Russian Society of Surgeons: On the treatment of bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus and stomach. (In Russ.). URL: https://www.mrckb.ru/files/krovotecheniya_iz_varikoznorasshirennyx_ven_pishhevoda_i_zheludka.PDF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скорая медицинская помощь. Клинические рекомендации. Под ред. С.Ф. Багненко. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Emergency medical care. Clinical recommendations. Ed. S.F. Bagnenko. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2022. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vakil N. Peptic ulcer disease: A review. JAMA. 2024;332(21):1832–42. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.19094</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vakil N. Peptic ulcer disease: A review. JAMA. 2024;332(21):1832–42. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.19094</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cagir Y., Durak M.B., Yuksel I. Optimal endoscopy timing in elderly patients presenting with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol. 2024;24(1):444. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03541-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cagir Y., Durak M.B., Yuksel I. Optimal endoscopy timing in elderly patients presenting with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol. 2024;24(1):444. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03541-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Durandt C., Potgiete J.C., Mellet J., Herd C., Khoosal R., Nel J.G., et al. HIV and haematopoiesis. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(8b):40–5. DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i8b.13829</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Durandt C., Potgiete J.C., Mellet J., Herd C., Khoosal R., Nel J.G., et al. HIV and haematopoiesis. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(8b):40–5. DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i8b.13829</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marchionatti A., Parisi M.M. Anemia and thrombocytopenia in people living with HIV/AIDS: A narrative literature review. Int Health. 2021;13(2):98–109. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchionatti A., Parisi M.M. Anemia and thrombocytopenia in people living with HIV/AIDS: A narrative literature review. Int Health. 2021;13(2):98–109. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao G., Wang Y., Wu Y., Jing W., Liu J., Liu M. Prevalence of anemia among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;44:101283. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101283</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao G., Wang Y., Wu Y., Jing W., Liu J., Liu M. Prevalence of anemia among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;44:101283. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101283</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie B., Huang W., Hu Y., Dou Y., Xie L., Zhang Y., et al. Anemia and opportunistic infections in hospitalized people living with HIV: A retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):912. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07910-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie B., Huang W., Hu Y., Dou Y., Xie L., Zhang Y., et al. Anemia and opportunistic infections in hospitalized people living with HIV: A retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):912. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07910-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiseha T., Ebrahim H. Prevalence and predictors of cytopenias in HIV-infected adults at initiation of antiretroviral therapy in Mehal Meda Hospital, Central Ethiopia. J Blood Med. 2022;13:201–11. DOI: 10.2147/JBM.S355966</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiseha T., Ebrahim H. Prevalence and predictors of cytopenias in HIV-infected adults at initiation of antiretroviral therapy in Mehal Meda Hospital, Central Ethiopia. J Blood Med. 2022;13:201–11. DOI: 10.2147/JBM.S355966</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lv X., Li P., Yue P., Tang P., Zhou F.Risk factors and prognosis of thrombocytopenia in people living with HIV/AIDS. Ther Adv Hematol. 2023;14:20406207231170513. DOI: 10.1177/20406207231170513</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lv X., Li P., Yue P., Tang P., Zhou F.Risk factors and prognosis of thrombocytopenia in people living with HIV/AIDS. Ther Adv Hematol. 2023;14:20406207231170513. DOI: 10.1177/20406207231170513</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Getawa S., Aynalem M., Bayleyegn B., Adane T. The global prevalence of thrombocytopenia among HIVinfected adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;105:495–504. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Getawa S., Aynalem M., Bayleyegn B., Adane T. The global prevalence of thrombocytopenia among HIVinfected adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;105:495–504. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nka A.D., Sosso S.M., Fokam J., Bouba Y., Teto G., Simo Rachel R., et al. Thrombocytopenia according to antiretroviral drug combinations, viremia and CD4 lymphocytes among HIV-infected patients in Cameroon: A snapshot from the City of Yaoundé. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):632. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4664-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nka A.D., Sosso S.M., Fokam J., Bouba Y., Teto G., Simo Rachel R., et al. Thrombocytopenia according to antiretroviral drug combinations, viremia and CD4 lymphocytes among HIV-infected patients in Cameroon: A snapshot from the City of Yaoundé. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):632. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4664-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yavuz A., Toksöz Yıldırım A.N., Akan K., Çolak Y., Tuncer İ. Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in an HIVpositive patient: A case report. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10688. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10688</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yavuz A., Toksöz Yıldırım A.N., Akan K., Çolak Y., Tuncer İ. Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in an HIVpositive patient: A case report. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10688. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10688</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riedel D.J., Nugent S.L., Gilliam B.L. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(3):321–69. DOI: 10.1086/595849</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riedel D.J., Nugent S.L., Gilliam B.L. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(3):321–69. DOI: 10.1086/595849</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
